May 2022, Volume 6 Issue 1
    

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  • Topic：Planetary Protection and Microbial Control
    An Overview of Planetary Protection Development
    ZHANG Yinan, PENG Jing, ZOU Leyang, XU Kanyan
    2019, 6(1): 3-8. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.001
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    In this paper，the definition of planetary protection and the development of international planetary protection policy are introduced. The latest requirements are updated based on different mission categories. The organizations in ESA，NASA and JAXA involving to the management and supervision of planetary protection are briefly introduced. The main technical roadmap of planetary protection is analyzed.
  • Topic：Planetary Protection and Microbial Control
    Mars Robotic Exploration and Planetary Protection
    XU Kanyan, MA Lingling, YIN Hong, ZHANG Yinan
    2019, 6(1): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.002
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    Planetary protection is a key problem with which each country conducting deep space exploration should face. The Mars is one of the celestial bodies that extraterrestrial life may exist，and is the major target for planetary protection. Before China start its own Mars exploration program，it is necessary to understand the policy，standard，techniques and management related to the planetary protection，in order to implement the planetary protection policies and requirements during the future Mars exploration practice. In this paper，the history of planetary protection is introduced，as well as the major control activities taken to prevent forward contamination in the previous Mars exploration programs，and the effects of modern scientific and technological development on the forward contamination prevention techniques of planetary protection. Some suggestions are provided on the planetary protection forward contamination control in China’s Mars exploration program.
  • Topic：Planetary Protection and Microbial Control
    Overview of Policy and Technology Developments of International Planetary Protection
    XU Chong, XIN Bingmu, WU Bin, XIE Qiong
    2019, 6(1): 16-22. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.003
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    With the expansion of human space exploration, planetary protection has become an important issue for future human deep space exploration. In this paper, starting from the concept of planetary protection, and the research background and the research activities of the United States, Europe, Russia and other countries are introduced, involving the policy making, standard specification, pollution prevention and control, technical system and other aspects.All stages of manned deep space exploration are possible sources of pollution, and must carry out the related protection and the protection technology research. An in-depth study of international planetary protection policies, regulations and technical systems is of great significance for China to carry out relevant studies in the future.
  • Topic：Planetary Protection and Microbial Control
    Planetary Protection for Manned Mars Exploration
    XU Kanyan, MA Lingling, YIN Hong, ZHANG Qin, ZOU Leyang
    2019, 6(1): 23-30. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.004
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    Planetary protection is one of the key problems which will greatly affect the future human missions to Mars. Planetary protection has three major goals：1）The protection of extraterrestrial planet from terrestrial life contamination （forward contamination prevention）；2） The protection of Earth from extraterrestrial life （back contamination prevention）；3） The protection of the health and safety of astronauts. The international aerospace community has begun to formulate policies and conduct technical discussions on planetary protection for human Mars missions. In this review，the definition and legal base of planetary protection are introduced，and the planetary protection implementation of NASA Apollo program is reviewed，and the major contaminants，contamination pathway，and contamination control strategy for future human Mars missions are discussed.
  • Topic：Planetary Protection and Microbial Control
    Formation and Maintenance Mechanism of Species Diversity in the Course of Microbial Succession Under Low Dose Ionizing Radiation
    XU Xinming, HU Dawei, FU Yuming, ZHANG Jinhui, LIU Hong
    2019, 6(1): 31-36. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.005
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    It remains a mystery why the highly complicated species diversity is formed and sustained in microbial community in low-dose ionizing radiation （LDIR）. Based on prophase investigation and experimental observation，in the research，a hypothesis is first proposed in this research that different levels of delay effect on population growth resulting from exposure to LDIR can greatly mitigate competitive exclusion，inducing and sustaining the species diversity in microbial community. The kinetic model of microbial community succession in the environment of LDIR was obtained by introduction of delay effect into classic Lotka-Volterra competition model，and then a great deal of digital simulations were carried out to elucidate the generation and maintenance mechanisms of species diversity induced by LDIR. The results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the dynamic mechanism of microbial community succession in LDIR environments.
  • Topic：Planetary Protection and Microbial Control
    Study on Multi-Scale Hybrid Antibacterial Agents Applied on Spacecraft for Microbial Control
    ZHEN Hewei, XU Xiaoling, LI Guo, ZHOU Zuowan
    2019, 6(1): 37-45. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.006
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    Microbial control is unavoidable in manned space activities due to the participation of astronauts. It is difficult to use traditional methods such as spraying organic disinfectant and ultraviolet sterilization which are often used in the ground for the microbial control on spacecraft. A feasible method is to apply inorganic antibacterial agents with excellent comprehensive properties by combining the synergistic effect of nanotechnology and hybrid structure coupling to spacecraft. In this work，multi-scale hybrid antibacterial agents are obtained by hybridizing n-Ag and n-Cu on T-ZnO and CNTs respectively through thermal decomposition of precursor and reduction of metal ions. The application of multi-scale hybrid antibacterial agents in aluminum alloy，aramid fiber fabric and resin are investigated by means of surface coating，immersion method and activation grafting. The antibacterial rates of the three matrix materials against Escherichia coli，Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans are all up to 99.9%，and the anti-mildew levels against Aspergillus niger and its spores are up to 0. The modified materials have good aging resistance，water resistance and scrub resistance. This method can be widely applied in the aspect of microbial control in deep space exploration.
  • Article
    Satellite System Engineering Methods and Practices Based on the Subject Chain Method
    Baojun LIN, Shujie XIONG, Xiaoyue LI, Xia LIN
    2019, 6(1): 46-51. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.007
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    At present, most satellite systems are designed as a hierarchy of subsystems. However, the subsystems with repetitive function in each subsystem are cumbersome. Thus, to overcome the shortage of the subsystem method and improve the inherent reliability of the satellite system, a new method based on the subject chain method is introduced. Based on the method, the satellite system is segmented into the control chain, the structure-thermal chain, the electronics chain and the payload chain. The inherent reliability of the satellite system is significantly enhanced, and the functional density is improved and the cost is reduced. Furthermore, the subject chain method has been successfully applied into the development for the first-launched Beidou global navigation satellite. The development cost and time are reduced markedly. In this paper, the core idea of the subject chain method and the description of four basic subject chains are also presented.
  • Article
    Long Shadow of Relay Satellite Around Earth-Moon L2 Libration Point
    LIANG Weiguang, LIU Lei, LIU Yong, MA Chuanling
    2019, 6(1): 52-56. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.008
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    During the flight of relay satellite around Earth-Moon L2 libration point，there will be shadows caused by Earth and Moon. Some of the shadow durations are very long. Satellite platform security would be threatened when relay satellite in the long shadow period. Based on the engineering objective of lunar far side soft landing exploration and the halo orbit features of the relay satellite around the Earth-Moon L2 libration point，long shadows characteristics are analyzed，such as the distributions，and the correlations of shadow durations to halo orbit phase，amplitude，and configuration. Long shadow avoidance strategies and applicable scopes are discussed. Research results provide analysis method and solutions to long shadows of relay satellite around Earth-Moon L2 libration point.
  • Article
    Development of Platform for Active Filling Lunar Soil Simulants
    MA Chao, LIU Fei, ZENG Ting, ZHAO Zeng, PANG Yong, FAN Mingxu, JIANG Shengyuan
    2019, 6(1): 57-62. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.009
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    Aiming at the problem of lunar soil utilization and low test efficiency for the lunar surface integrated drilling test rig，a design scheme of the active soil feeding test rig is proposed to meet the special verification requirements of the coring characteristics of lunar drilling and mining equipment. The shaftless spiral is utilized as the core component of the simulated lunar soil transportation，and the integrated hopper is adopted to realize the continuous feeding of the difficult-to-flow material. The shaft-free spiral rotation is used to actively send the simulated lunar soil vertically into the coring mechanism instead of the integrated drilling test bench. By drilling the lunar soil，it is possible to realize quantitative and constant pressure transport of various grading simulations of lunar soil. In order to verify the correctness of the design parameters，EDEM discrete element analysis is used to simulate the characteristics of lunar soil transport，and experimental verification is carried out. The results show that the shaftless spiral can be used as the core unit of the active soil feeding mechanism，and the active soil feeding test bench can be used to simulate the lunar soil transport simulation of various coring conditions independently，and develop the drilling equipment for the engineering department.
  • Article
    Development of Near Earth Asteroid Mining and Planetary Defense
    QIU Chengbo, SUN Yukun, WANG Yamin, JIANG Jun, CHEN Xin
    2019, 6(1): 63-72. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.010
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    The technology of near earth asteroid rendezvous, orbiting, landing, and sampling return has been highly developed for decades. OSIRIS-REx analyzes the features of C type asteroid and conducts asteroid sampling. Hayabusa-2 aims to sample under the surface of the asteroid. NASA and ESA begins to turn to Planetary Defense. ARM program sets for asteroid capture and orbital redirection, while ESA and NASA put forward a plan of asteroid impact and deflection assessment. Impact test will be arranged on the binary system to accumulate technology. Besides, Planetary Resources Inc. and Deep Space Industries havemade the blueprint for asteroid commercial mining, respectively, and have carried outorbit verification. The process of near Earth Asteroids detection is reviewed, focusing on OSIRIS-Rex, Hayabusa-2, Planetary Defense of NASA and ESA and Strategic planning of commercial mining for asteroid mining companys. Some key technologies of Planetary Defense and mining in the future are summarized.
  • Article
    Low-Cost and Multi-Objective Asteroid Transfer Trajectory Design
    WANG Peng, WU Xiaoyu, ZHANG Lihua
    2019, 6(1): 73-81. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.011
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    To reduce the total cost and risk of asteroid exploration，it is necessary to select multi-objective to avoid the disadvantages such as single target，high-cost and long-period. In this paper，a multi-target transfer trajectory design method is proposed based on the cubesats with the cooperation of gravity flyby and invariant manifolds. Introduced by the perturbation invariant manifolds，the cubesat can rapidly transfer to the target and carry out a global launch chance searching for asgteroids based on the Sun-Earth Halo parking orbit and determine the next target. The results indicated that the proposed method is able to significantly reduce the fuel consumption of trajectory transfer as well as transfer time.
  • Article
    A Radio Interferometry Processing Method Based on Wavelet Correlation Filter
    LU Weitao, REN Tianpeng, CHEN Lue, HAN Songtao, WANG Mei
    2019, 6(1): 82-87. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.012
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    A radio interferometry method is proposed to resolve the problems of the process of weak spacecraft signal received in deep space exploration. Firstly，based on the analysis of the original wavelet correlation filter，an improved one is proposed which contains shift correlation，the processing order from higher scale to lower one and the threshold filtering of the highest scale coefficients. Secondly，the wide band signal model in deep space exploration is analyzed and constructed，and the radio interferometry scheme based on wavelet correlation filter is provided. Finally，results of Monte Carlo simulation and data processing for some GEO satellite measured signal prove a better performance of the interferometry measurement，and the group delay accuracy of the GEO satellite is improved by 10%.
  • Article
    A Novel Autonomous Celestial Navigation Method Using Solar Oscillation Time Delay Measurement
    NING Xiaolin, GUI Mingzhen, SUN Xiaohan, LIU Jin, WU Weiren
    2019, 6(1): 88-95. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.013
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    Solar oscillation，causing a dramatic variation of the sunlight spectral central wavelengths and intensity during a short time，has been studied in detail over the years，both observationally and theoretically. Through detecting the sunlight spectral central wavelengths and intensity and recording the moment when solar oscillation occurs，the time delay between the sunlight coming from the Sun directly and the sunlight reflected by a celestial body such as the satellite of planet or asteroid can be obtained. Because the solar oscillation time delay is determined by the relative positions of the spacecraft，reflective celestial body and the Sun，it can be adopted as the navigation measurement to provide the spacecraft's position information. In this paper，a novel celestial navigation method using solar oscillation time delay measurement is proposed. The implicit measurement model of time delay is built，and the Implicit Unscented Kalman Filter （IUKF） is applied. Simulation results indicate that the position error and velocity error of the proposed method for the transfer orbit are about 3.55 km and 0.077 m/s respectively，and for the surrounding orbit are about 1.76 km and 1.57 m/s respectively. The impact of the three factors on the navigation performance is also investigated.
  • Article
    Study on the Configuration of Deep Space Particles Sampling and Return Spacecraft
    LU Yuntong, ZHANG Zhengfeng, FU Zijing, ZHANG Xuhui
    2019, 6(1): 96-102. https://doi.org/10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.01.014
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    Deep space particles such as solar wind particles or space dust sampling and return mission is popular in space science and deep space exploration. The configuration of typical deep space particle sampling and return spacecraft including Stardust and Genesis，and their characteristics are described and analyzed. Based the configuration of the circumlunar return and reentry spacecraft，a reasonable configuration of the deep space particles sampling and return spaceship was proposed. The spacecraft is made up of a noumenon frame and a return capsule generally. The noumenon frame's configuration should fit the return capsule and other instruments，while the return capsule's configuration should fit collecting sample and the pneumatic shape. The configuration adopts the inflatable sampler for particle collection，with small volume，light weight，high folding efficiency，reliable expansion and simple implementation；the spacecraft adopts the repeatable folding solar wing，meeting the needs of collecting different types of deep space particles.