Molecular and cellular aspects of extramedullary manifestations of acute myeloid leukemia

Abstract

The myeloid extramedullary tumor is a solid tumor formed by infiltration of immature myeloid cells in various tissues of the body. This tumor is also identified as chloroma or myeloid sarcoma (MS). MS is a manifestation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) occurring at presentation or during treatment or relapse. MS is associated with multiple chromosomal abnormalities and molecular mutations since patients with these disorders bear a high potential for MS manifestation. There is a high incidence of extramedullary infiltration (EMI) in AML. AML patients with EMI have a worse prognosis than patients without it. Hematopoietic stem cells and leukemic stem cells reside in a special bone marrow microenvironment called niche, which is essential for their normal functions. Cancers are exploited dysfunctional cell-cell and matrix-cell interactions, which convert a normal niche into a neoplastic niche. This study summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular characteristics of AML with EMI and extramedullary niches in AML patients.

Keywords

Acute myeloid leukemia / extramedullary infiltration / niche

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