Promising future: a review of clinical applications of biopolymers in renal cell carcinoma

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), being the most common type of renal malignancy, accounting for 85% of its incidence, poses a significant threat to human health. Although progress has been made in RCC diagnosis and management, problems of delayed detection and treatment failure remain in traditional methods. In the development of material research, biopolymers have emerged as significant players in medical practices, demonstrating considerable potential in the management of kidney cancer. Specifically, bioactive polymers have been proven to have numerous advantages over traditional methods, finding prosperous applications in diverse areas such as imaging detection, chemotherapy carrier, and prognostic estimation. However, the clinical value of some biopolymers still needs to be fully recognized in the RCC clinical pathway. This review summarizes recent studies about bioactive polymers’ application in RCC and further discusses its significance and constraints in clinical translational medicine and clinical trials. As our understanding of biopolymers grows, more advancements can be carried out in clinical practices.

Keywords

Renal cell carcinoma / kidney cancer / bioactive polymers / clinical application

References

[1] Siegel RL,Wagle NS.Cancer statistics, 2023.CA Cancer J Clin2023;73:17-48

[2] Rassy E,Lefort F,Baciarello G.New rising entities in cancer of unknown primary: is there a real therapeutic benefit?.Crit Rev Oncol Hematol2020;147:102882

[3] Ronchi E,Miodini P,Salvioni R.Steroid hormone receptors in normal and malignant human renal tissue: relationship with progestin therapy.J Steroid Biochem1984;21:329-35

[4] Zheng R,Zeng H.Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2016.J Nat Cancer Center2022;2:1-9

[5] Kramer PA.Letter: albumin microspheres as vehicles for achieving specificity in drug delivery.J Pharm Sci1974;63:1646-7

[6] Nizioł J,Ossoliński T.Surface-transfer mass spectrometry imaging of renal tissue on gold nanoparticle enhanced target.Anal Chem2016;88:7365-71

[7] Zheng S,Bai H.Preparation of AS1411 aptamer modified Mn-MoS₂ QDs for targeted MR imaging and fluorescence labelling of renal cell carcinoma.Int J Nanomed2019;14:9513-24

[8] Pal K,Dutta SK.Co-delivery of everolimus and vinorelbine via a tumor-targeted liposomal formulation inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in RCC.Int J Nanomed2019;14:5109-23 PMCID:PMC6636461

[9] Wu R,Gai Y.Nanomedicine for renal cell carcinoma: imaging, treatment and beyond.J Nanobiotechnol2023;21:3 PMCID:PMC9809106

[10] Pontes O,Baltazar F.Renal cell carcinoma therapy: current and new drug candidates.Drug Discov Today2022;27:304-14

[11] Chiu IJ,Chang JS,Chiu HW.Lactotransferrin downregulation drives the metastatic progression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Cancers2020;12:847 PMCID:PMC7226440

[12] Zheng JQ,Lee HH.Lactotransferrin downregulation serves as a potential predictor for the therapeutic effectiveness of mTOR inhibitors in the metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma without PTEN mutation.Biomedicines2021;9:1896 PMCID:PMC8698394

[13] Caldorera-Moore M,Peppas NA.Transport and delivery of interferon-α through epithelial tight junctions via pH-responsive poly(methacrylic acid-grafted-ethylene glycol) nanoparticles.J Drug Target2019;27:582-9 PMCID:PMC6522304

[14] Strand MS,Pan H.Precision delivery of RAS-inhibiting siRNA to KRAS driven cancer via peptide-based nanoparticles.Oncotarget2019;10:4761-75 PMCID:PMC6677667

[15] Liu X,Lv J.Glucose and H₂O₂ Dual-responsive polymeric micelles for the self-regulated release of insulin.ACS Appl Bio Mater2020;3:1598-606

[16] Brown JE,Gregory W.Temporary treatment cessation versus continuation of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (STAR): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial.Lancet Oncol2023;24:213-27

[17] Hillen F.Tumour vascularization: sprouting angiogenesis and beyond.Cancer Metastasis Rev2007;26:489-502 PMCID:PMC2797856

[18] Mcdonald PC.Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) as a mediator of hypoxia-induced stress response in cancer cells.Subcell Biochem2014;75:255-69

[19] Krall N,Mattarella M,Neri D.A ^99mTc-labeled ligand of carbonic anhydrase IX selectively targets renal cell carcinoma in vivo.J Nucl Med2016;57:943-9

[20] Liao SY,Jan K,Stanbridge EJ.Identification of the MN/CA9 protein as a reliable diagnostic biomarker of clear cell carcinoma of the kidney.Cancer Res1997;57:2827-31.

[21] Alsaab HO,Alzhrani RM.Tumor hypoxia directed multimodal nanotherapy for overcoming drug resistance in renal cell carcinoma and reprogramming macrophages.Biomaterials2018;183:280-94 PMCID:PMC6414719

[22] Chen L,Xu Q.The failure of DAC to induce OCT2 expression and its remission by hemoglobin-based nanocarriers under hypoxia in renal cell carcinoma.Theranostics2020;10:3562-78 PMCID:PMC7069078

[23] Zeng X,Zhu C.Combined ibuprofen-nanoconjugate micelles with E-selectin for effective sunitinib anticancer therapy.Int J Nanomed2022;17:6031-46 PMCID:PMC9740013

[24] Mitchell MJ,Haley RM,Peppas NA.Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery.Nat Rev Drug Discov2021;20:101-24 PMCID:PMC7717100

[25] Sercombe L,Moheimani F,Sood AK.Advances and challenges of liposome assisted drug delivery.Front Pharmacol2015;6:286 PMCID:PMC4664963

[26] Heng DY.The next 10 years: challenges for the future and overcoming resistance to targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma.Can Urol Assoc J2016;10:S256-8 PMCID:PMC5215305

[27] Chen J,Yuan S.Oncolytic adenovirus complexes coated with lipids and calcium phosphate for cancer gene therapy.ACS Nano2016;10:11548-60

[28] Santiago-Ortiz JL.Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors in cancer gene therapy.J Control Release2016;240:287-301 PMCID:PMC4940329

[29] Kulkarni JA,Leung J,Cullis PR.On the role of helper lipids in lipid nanoparticle formulations of siRNA.Nanoscale2019;11:21733-9

[30] Cheng X.The role of helper lipids in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) designed for oligonucleotide delivery.Adv Drug Deliv Rev2016;99:129-37

[31] Felgner PL,Holm M.Lipofection: a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-transfection procedure.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1987;84:7413-7 PMCID:PMC299306

[32] Mislick KA.Evidence for the role of proteoglycans in cation-mediated gene transfer.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1996;93:12349-54 PMCID:PMC37994

[33] Akita H,Togashi R.A neutral lipid envelope-type nanoparticle composed of a pH-activated and vitamin E-scaffold lipid-like material as a platform for a gene carrier targeting renal cell carcinoma.J Control Release2015;200:97-105

[34] Hama S.Nanoparticles consisting of tocopheryl succinate are a novel drug-delivery system with multifaceted antitumor activity.Biol Pharm Bull2014;37:196-200

[35] He X,Dolan M.Immunization with short peptide particles reveals a functional CD8⁺ T-cell neoepitope in a murine renal carcinoma model.J Immunother Cancer2021;9:e003101 PMCID:PMC8647534

[36] Sarfraz M,Yang T.Development of dual drug loaded nanosized liposomal formulation by A reengineered ethanolic injection method and its pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies.Pharmaceutics2018;10:151 PMCID:PMC6161256

[37] Poste G,Vail WJ.Lipid vesicles as carriers for introducing biologically active materials into cells.Methods Cell Biol1976;14:33-71

[38] Liu R,Yang X.Chitosan as a condensing agent induces high gene transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity of liposome.J Biosci Bioeng2011;111:98-103

[39] Liu J,Arora J.Comparison of sorafenib-loaded poly (lactic/glycolic) acid and DPPC liposome nanoparticles in the in vitro treatment of renal cell carcinoma.J Pharm Sci2015;104:1187-96

[40] Yamada Y,Kawamura E,Sato Y.Mitochondrial delivery of doxorubicin using MITO-porter kills drug-resistant renal cancer cells via mitochondrial toxicity.J Pharm Sci2017;106:2428-37

[41] Yu Z,Xu D.G250 antigen-targeting drug-loaded nanobubbles combined with ultrasound targeted nanobubble destruction: a potential novel treatment for renal cell carcinoma.Int J Nanomed2020;15:81-95 PMCID:PMC6956713

[42] Rini BI,Escudier B.Renal cell carcinoma.Lancet2009;373:1119-32

[43] Wang J,Rosenthal J.Gold nanoshell-linear tetrapyrrole conjugates for near infrared-activated dual photodynamic and photothermal therapies.ACS Omega2020;5:926-40 PMCID:PMC6964518

[44] Seeley EH,Mi D,Caprioli RM.Enhancement of protein sensitivity for MALDI imaging mass spectrometry after chemical treatment of tissue sections.J Am Soc Mass Spectrom2008;19:1069-77 PMCID:PMC2582528

[45] Hájek R,Khalikova M.HILIC/ESI-MS determination of gangliosides and other polar lipid classes in renal cell carcinoma and surrounding normal tissues.Anal Bioanal Chem2018;410:6585-94

[46] Nizioł J,Laskowska B.Novel monoisotopic 109AgNPET for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.Anal Chem2013;85:1926-31

[47] Nizioł J,Tripet BP,Arendowski A.Nuclear magnetic resonance and surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry-based metabolome profiling of urine samples from kidney cancer patients.J Pharm Biomed Anal2021;193:113752

[48] Fujishima A.Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode.Nature1972;238:37-8

[49] Yang C,Li D.Red phosphorus decorated TiO₂ nanorod mediated photodynamic and photothermal therapy for renal cell carcinoma.Small2021;17:e2101837

[50] Soprano E,Pelaz B.Biomimetic cell-derived nanocarriers in cancer research.J Nanobiotechnol2022;20:538 PMCID:PMC9771790

[51] von Rundstedt FC, Scovell JM, Agrawal S, Zaneveld J, Link RE. Utility of patient-specific silicone renal models for planning and rehearsal of complex tumour resections prior to robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.BJU Int2017;119:598-604 PMCID:PMC6152819

[52] Li H,Wang K.Grading and surgical treatment of renal cell carcinoma combined with inferior vena cava carcinoma thrombosis.J Min Invas Urol2022;11:342-6

[53] Ciancio G.Inferior Vena cava reconstruction using a ringed polytetrafluoroethylene interposition graft and inferior vena cava filter placement following resection of renal cell carcinoma with a tumor thrombus directly infiltrating the inferior vena cava.Vasc Endovascular Surg2022;56:5-10

[54] Gradilone A,Cortesi E.Circulating tumor cells and “suspicious objects” evaluated through CellSearch® in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.Anticancer Res2011;31:4219-21

[55] Zhang Y,Stratton Y,Esfandiari L.Sequence-specific detection of MicroRNAs related to clear cell renal cell carcinoma at fM concentration by an electroosmotically driven nanopore-based device.Anal Chem2017;89:9201-8

[56] Arendowski A,Ossolińska A,Nizioł J.Serum and urine analysis with gold nanoparticle-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for renal cell carcinoma metabolic biomarkers discovery.Adv Med Sci2021;66:326-35

[57] Nizioł J,Beech I.Localization of metabolites of human kidney tissue with infrared laser-based selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry imaging and silver-109 nanoparticle-based surface assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging.Anal Chem2020;92:4251-8 PMCID:PMC7497619

[58] Zhang L,Gao R.An impedimetric biosensor for the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma based on the interaction between 3-aminophenyl boronic acid and sialic acid.Biosens Bioelectron2017;92:434-41

[59] Niciński K,Kudelski A.Detection of circulating tumor cells in blood by shell-isolated nanoparticle - enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) in microfluidic device.Sci Rep2019;9:9267 PMCID:PMC6592934

[60] Arendowski A,Ossoliński K.Laser desorption/ionization MS imaging of cancer kidney tissue on silver nanoparticle-enhanced target.Bioanalysis2018;10:83-94

[61] Renner AM,Ilyas S,Fries JWU.High efficiency capture of biomarker miRNA15a for noninvasive diagnosis of malignant kidney tumors.Biomater Sci2022;10:1113-22

[62] Zhang X,Yuan Q.The precise diagnosis of cancer invasion/metastasis via 2D laser ablation mass mapping of metalloproteinase in primary cancer tissue.ACS Nano2018;12:11139-51

[63] Himbert D,Ayoubian H,Stöckle M.Characterization of CD147, CA9, and CD70 as Tumor-specific markers on extracellular vesicles in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Diagnostics2020;10:1034 PMCID:PMC7761541

[64] Lu C,Xu K.Fabrication of mAb G250-SPIO molecular magnetic resonance imaging nanoprobe for the specific detection of renal cell carcinoma in vitro.PLoS One2014;9:e101898 PMCID:PMC4084989

[65] Guimaraes AR,Dahl D,Weissleder R.Pilot study evaluating use of lymphotrophic nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for assessing lymph nodes in renal cell cancer.Urology2008;71:708-12

[66] Kuusk T,Brouwer OR.Lymphatic drainage from renal tumors in vivo: a prospective sentinel node study using SPECT/CT imaging.J Urol2018;199:1426-32

[67] Li J,Hou P,Xu K.One-pot preparation of hydrophilic manganese oxide nanoparticles as T₁ nano-contrast agent for molecular magnetic resonance imaging of renal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo.Biosens Bioelectron2018;102:1-8

[68] Zhu L,Liu Y,Fang K.CAIX aptamer-functionalized targeted nanobubbles for ultrasound molecular imaging of various tumors.Int J Nanomed2018;13:6481-95 PMCID:PMC6199208

[69] Funasaki S,Ma W.Targeting chemoresistance in Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinoma using a novel polyamide-chlorambucil conjugate.Cancer Sci2022;113:2352-67 PMCID:PMC9277412

[70] Lee HW,Yeom SY.Cabozantinib-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: a potential adjuvant strategy for surgically resected high-risk non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma.Int J Mol Sci2022;23:12634 PMCID:PMC9604013

[71] Gao X,Zhang Q.Peglated-H1/pHGFK1 nanoparticles enhance anti-tumor effects of sorafenib by inhibition of drug-induced autophagy and stemness in renal cell carcinoma.J Exp Clin Cancer Res2019;38:362 PMCID:PMC6699135

[72] Fujii H,Takeda S.Cycloamylose-nanogel drug delivery system-mediated intratumor silencing of the vascular endothelial growth factor regulates neovascularization in tumor microenvironment.Cancer Sci2014;105:1616-25 PMCID:PMC4317968

[73] Yongvongsoontorn N,Gao SJ.Carrier-enhanced anticancer efficacy of sunitinib-loaded green tea-based micellar nanocomplex beyond tumor-targeted delivery.ACS Nano2019;13:7591-602

[74] Takke A.Magnetic-core-based silibinin nanopolymeric carriers for the treatment of renal cell cancer.Life Sci2021;275:119377

[75] Keefe SM,Cohen RB.Efficacy of the nanoparticle-drug conjugate CRLX101 in combination with bevacizumab in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of an investigator-initiated phase I-IIa clinical trial.Ann Oncol2016;27:1579-85 PMCID:PMC4959924

[76] Racaniello GF,Vergnaud J.Development of purified glycogen derivatives as siRNA nanovectors.Int J Pharm2021;608:121128

[77] Takara K,Kibria G,Hida K.Size-controlled, dual-ligand modified liposomes that target the tumor vasculature show promise for use in drug-resistant cancer therapy.J Control Release2012;162:225-32

[78] Kibria G,Ohga N,Harashima H.The effect of liposomal size on the targeted delivery of doxorubicin to Integrin αvβ3-expressing tumor endothelial cells.Biomaterials2013;34:5617-27

[79] Takai T,Yoshikawa Y.Synthetic miR-143 exhibited an anti-cancer effect via the downregulation of K-RAS networks of renal cell cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.Mol Ther2019;27:1017-27 PMCID:PMC6520334

[80] Chai D,Li H.H1/pAIM2 nanoparticles exert anti-tumour effects that is associated with the inflammasome activation in renal carcinoma.J Cell Mol Med2018;22:5670-81 PMCID:PMC6201339

[81] Ni W,Liang L.Tumor microenvironment-responsive nanodrug for clear-cell renal cell carcinoma therapy via triggering waterfall-like cascade ferroptosis.J Biomed Nanotechnol2022;18:327-42

[82] Zhai X,Yang X.Chitosan oligosaccharides induce apoptosis in human renal carcinoma via reactive-oxygen-species-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress.J Agric Food Chem2019;67:1691-701

[83] Tannir NM,Wong DJ.Pegilodecakin as monotherapy or in combination with anti-PD-1 or tyrosine kinase inhibitor in heavily pretreated patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: final results of cohorts A, G, H and I of IVY phase I study.Int J Cancer2021;149:403-8

[84] Cai B,Zhang S.Dual targeting of endoplasmic reticulum by redox-deubiquitination regulation for cancer therapy.Int J Nanomed2021;16:5193-209 PMCID:PMC8331122

[85] Kannadorai RK,Luo KQ.Dual functions of gold nanorods as photothermal agent and autofluorescence enhancer to track cell death during plasmonic photothermal therapy.Cancer Lett2015;357:152-9

[86] Bex A,de Windt G,Horenblas S.Feasibility of sentinel node detection in renal cell carcinoma: a pilot study.Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging2010;37:1117-23

[87] Lang Y,Dong HY.Black phosphorus quantum dots enhance the radiosensitivity of human renal cell carcinoma cells through inhibition of DNA-PKcs kinase.Cells2022;11:1651 PMCID:PMC9139844

[88] Chen J,Cao W.Photothermal therapy enhance the anti-mitochondrial metabolism effect of lonidamine to renal cell carcinoma in homologous-targeted nanosystem.Nanomedicine2021;34:102370

[89] Yamamoto S,Sakurai Y,Harashima H.Modality of tumor endothelial VEGFR2 silencing-mediated improvement in intratumoral distribution of lipid nanoparticles.J Control Release2017;251:1-10

[90] Whiteside TL.Tumor-derived exosomes and their role in cancer progression.Adv Clin Chem2016;74:103-41 PMCID:PMC5382933

[91] Mao W,Wu Z,Chen M.Current status of research on exosomes in general, and for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney cancer in particular.J Exp Clin Cancer Res2021;40:305 PMCID:PMC8477471

[92] Kahlert C.Exosomes in tumor microenvironment influence cancer progression and metastasis.J Mol Med2013;91:431-7 PMCID:PMC4073669

[93] Mathieu M,Lavieu G.Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication.Nat Cell Biol2019;21:9-17

[94] Kalluri R.The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes.Science2020;367:eaau6977 PMCID:PMC7717626

[95] Liu Y,Cai C,Shen H.Patient-derived xenograft models in cancer therapy: technologies and applications.Signal Transduct Target Ther2023;8:160 PMCID:PMC10097874

[96] Voss MH,Vogelzang N.A randomized phase II trial of CRLX101 in combination with bevacizumab versus standard of care in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.Ann Oncol2017;28:2754-60

[97] Boorjian SA,Kaplan J.Phase 1/2 clinical trial of interferon alpha2b and weekly liposome-encapsulated all-trans retinoic acid in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.J Immunother2007;30:655-62

[98] Johannsen M,Curigliano G.The tumour-targeting human L19-IL2 immunocytokine: preclinical safety studies, phase I clinical trial in patients with solid tumours and expansion into patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.Eur J Cancer2010;46:2926-35

[99] Lasorsa F,Milella M.Cancer stem cells in renal cell carcinoma: origins and biomarkers.Int J Mol Sci2023;24:13179 PMCID:PMC10487877

[100] Xiong Z,Bao L.Tumor cell “slimming” regulates tumor progression through PLCL1/UCP1-mediated lipid browning.Adv Sci2019;6:1801862 PMCID:PMC6523368

[101] Xiong Z,Xiao W.NNT-induced tumor cell “slimming” reverses the pro-carcinogenesis effect of HIF2a in tumors.Clin Transl Med2021;11:e264 PMCID:PMC7803359

[102] Shi J,Wang K.HIF2α promotes tumour growth in clear cell renal cell carcinoma by increasing the expression of NUDT1 to reduce oxidative stress.Clin Transl Med2021;11:e592 PMCID:PMC8567048