The role of pro-inflammatory components, carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, and tumor-associated macrophages in ovarian cancer progression and metastasis

Abstract

Ovarian cancer (OC) is associated with poor outcomes and challenges scientists and clinicians. It is usually diagnosed in advanced stages when it is frequently aggressive, chemoresistant, and metastatic. The most prevalent form of OC is epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), which displays significant heterogeneity, enhancing the difficulty in managing the disease. Several factors have been associated with the disease’s development and progression, especially those related to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we highlight components of the ovarian TME in the disease development process, including pro-inflammatory pathways activated by interleukins, cytokines and chemokines, cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated macrophages, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We compiled evidence identifying TME factors promoting the development, chemoresistance, and metastasis, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and tumor-associated cells. We identify potential targets for treatment and improving outcomes. These targets block or alter pathways associated with OC (especially EOC) progression.

Keywords

CAFs / interleukins / ovarian cancer / TAMs / tumor microenvironment

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