Genetic characteristics and molecular diagnostics of bone tumors

Abstract

The diagnosis of primary tumors of bone relies heavily on clinicopathological and radiological correlation and is often best performed in a multidisciplinary setting. Bone tumors comprise a heterogenous category of human lesions ranging from benign to malignant neoplasms. These tumors affect a wide age range and can become problematic for diagnosis when less common entities are encountered. Traditionally the pathological diagnosis of many bone tumors has been based primarily on the evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained glass slides, sometimes combined with ancillary diagnostic techniques such as immunohistochemistry, conventional cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction-based assays. More recently, the advent of massively parallel sequencing-based techniques has opened new avenues for diagnostic testing in bone tumors; however, these new testing modalities are sensitive to traditional decalcification procedures that are commonly used in the routine processing of bony specimens. Herein we provide a focused review concentrating on the molecular genetic features of bone tumors with specific, recurrent genetic alterations that make them appealing targets for directed ancillary testing by conventional or molecular techniques. In addition, specimen handling with regards to decalcification procedures are discussed and the different types of testing modalities available are reviewed.

Keywords

Molecular pathology / next generation sequencing / bone tumors / sarcoma / decalcification

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