Gastric cancer: prevention and treatment of peritoneal metastases

Abstract

Gastric cancer is an aggressive malignancy that may metastasize through the bloodstream to the liver, through lymphatics to regional lymph nodes, or by penetration of the peritoneal lining of the stomach to result in seeding of the abdominal and pelvis surfaces. Peritoneal metastases are the most common mode of cancer dissemination. Technologies to prevent or treat peritoneal metastases from advanced gastric cancer are presented in this manuscript. The world’s literature, both recent and over the past three decades, was reviewed in order to identify publications that present information regarding gastric cancer peritoneal metastases. Over one dozen randomized controlled trials to test perioperative chemotherapy for prevention of peritoneal metastases were reviewed. All of the trials performed with regional chemotherapy during or shortly after gastrectomy were positive. The clinical data regarding the treatment of peritoneal metastases diagnosed at the time of primary cancer resection or in follow-up were reviewed. Neoadjuvant intraperitoneal and systemic chemotherapy shows that some long-term survivors occur after these treatments were combined with cytoreductive surgery and gastrectomy. Similar treatments are advocated for primary gastric cancer with cytology positive for gastric cancer but no visible implants. Surgery for gastric cancer should be combined with perioperative systemic and regional chemotherapy in order to maximally benefit patients with this disease by reducing the negative impact of peritoneal metastases on survival.

Keywords

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy / normothermic intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy / early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy / intraperitoneal chemotherapy / gastric cancer / peritoneal metastases / carcinomatosis

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