Nanomedicine in bone healing: A review of innovative silver nanoparticle therapies and theranostic advances

Abstract

Nanomedicine, at the convergence of nanotechnology and medicine, holds transformative potential for bone healing through advanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Among various nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained attention due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This review examines the principles of nanomedicine and theranostics, AgNP synthesis methods and physicochemical characteristics, and their application in bone regeneration for infection control, scaffold design, osteoinduction, and angiogenesis. The integration of AgNPs into theranostic platforms for simultaneous therapy and imaging is critically evaluated, highlighting modalities such as micro-computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and photoacoustic imaging. The preclinical and early clinical evidence is analyzed, addressing critical limitations including toxicity, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, manufacturing reproducibility, and regulatory hurdles. This review outlines future trends, such as green synthesis, stimuli-responsive systems, and personalized scaffolds. A comprehensive understanding of these multidimensional facets is crucial for advancing AgNP-based nanomedicine from the bench to the bedside in bone healing applications.

Keywords

Bone defects / Tissue imaging / Personalized medicine / Antimicrobial scaffolds / Photothermal therapy / Bone regeneration

Acknowledgments

None.

Funding

The author acknowledges the financial support of the National University of the South (PGI 24/Q131), the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET; PIP 11220210100126CO), and the National Agency for the Promotion of Science and Technology (PICT-2021-I-A-00108). P.V.M. is a principal researcher of CONICET.

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Author contributions

This is a single-authored article.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data

Not applicable.

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