Better interaction experience: human-machine interface for soft robotic systems

Zeyu Gao , Zhiyuan Liao , Chunquan Li

Intelligence & Robotics ›› 2025, Vol. 5 ›› Issue (3) : 520 -40.

PDF
Intelligence & Robotics ›› 2025, Vol. 5 ›› Issue (3) :520 -40. DOI: 10.20517/ir.2025.27
Review

Better interaction experience: human-machine interface for soft robotic systems

Author information +
History +
PDF

Abstract

As an emerging robotics technology, soft robots have received extensive attention and research in recent years, and are gradually emerging in the field of robotics by virtue of their soft materials and unique drive methods. They are able to adapt to a variety of unstructured environments and interact with humans in a safer way, opening up a whole new direction for the development of robotics. As an important component of the human-machine interface (HMI), the performance of the sensor also determines the smoothness and accuracy of human-machine interaction. The emergence of new materials and the maturity of various technologies and algorithms also make the HMI of soft robot systems increasingly refined, bringing more possibilities to soft robots. The abstract introduces the development of HMI in recent years, and discusses the role played by HMI in soft robot system and mentions some optimization solutions.

Keywords

Soft robotics / human-machine interface / medical robotics / algorithmic control / sensors

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Zeyu Gao, Zhiyuan Liao, Chunquan Li. Better interaction experience: human-machine interface for soft robotic systems. Intelligence & Robotics, 2025, 5(3): 520-40 DOI:10.20517/ir.2025.27

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

References

[1]

Li G,Shih B.Bioinspired soft robots for deep-sea exploration.Nat Commun2023;14:7097 PMCID:PMC10625581

[2]

Li G,Zhou F.Self-powered soft robot in the Mariana Trench.Nature2021;591:66-71

[3]

Floreano D,Pankhurst M.Towards edible robots and robotic food.Nat Rev Mater2024;9:589-99

[4]

Abidi H,Brancadoro M.Highly dexterous 2-module soft robot for intra-organ navigation in minimally invasive surgery.Int J Med Robot2018;14:e1875

[5]

Soon RH,Dogan MA.Pangolin-inspired untethered magnetic robot for on-demand biomedical heating applications.Nat Commun2023;14:3320 PMCID:PMC10282021

[6]

Bozuyuk U,Aghakhani A.High-performance magnetic FePt (L10) surface microrollers towards medical imaging-guided endovascular delivery applications.Adv Funct Mater2022;32:2109741

[7]

Lu Z,Yao L,Luo H.The human–machine interaction methods and strategies for upper and lower extremity rehabilitation robots: a review.IEEE Sensors J2024;24:13773-87

[8]

Guo X,Fang F.Encoded sewing soft textile robots.Sci Adv2024;10:eadk3855 PMCID:PMC10776007

[9]

Gariya N,Makkar M.Experimental study of a soft pneumatic actuator for the application of robotic gripper. In 2023 5th International Conference on Power, Control & Embedded Systems (ICPCES), Allahabad, India. Jan 06-08, 2023. IEEE; 2023. p. 1-4.

[10]

Huang W,Xu Z.A variable structure pneumatic soft robot.Sci Rep2020;10:18778 PMCID:PMC7608685

[11]

Chen R,Guo J.Legless soft robots capable of rapid, continuous, and steered jumping.Nat Commun2021;12:7028 PMCID:PMC8651723

[12]

Peters J,Wiese M.Actuation and stiffening in fluid-driven soft robots using low-melting-point material. In 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Macau, China. Nov 03-08, 2019. IEEE; 2019. pp. 4692-8.

[13]

Padovani D.Design and characterization of a miniature hydraulic power supply for high-bandwidth control of soft robotics. In 2020 3rd IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft), New Haven, USA. May 15 - Jul 15, 2020. IEEE; 2020. pp. 345-50.

[14]

Hwang J.Shape memory alloy-based soft amphibious robot capable of seal-inspired locomotion.Adv Mater Technol2022;7:2101153

[15]

Huang X,Jawed MK.Chasing biomimetic locomotion speeds: creating untethered soft robots with shape memory alloy actuators.Sci Robot2018;3:eaau7557

[16]

Mutlu R,Li W.Three-dimensional kinematic modeling of helix-forming lamina-emergent soft smart actuators based on electroactive polymers.IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst2017;47:2562-73

[17]

Kim Y,Liu S.Ferromagnetic soft continuum robots.Sci Robot2019;4:eaax7329

[18]

Mao G,Karami-Mosammam M.Soft electromagnetic actuators.Sci Adv2020;6:eabc0251 PMCID:PMC7319732

[19]

Ze Q,Nishikawa J.Soft robotic origami crawler.Sci Adv2022;8:eabm7834 PMCID:PMC8967224

[20]

Salazar J,Cook B.Multi-robot visual control of autonomous soft robotic fish. In 2022 IEEE/OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Symposium (AUV), Singapore. Sep 19-21, 2022. IEEE; 2022. p. 1-6.

[21]

Steele S,Sripathy S.Development of a fish robot equipped with novel 3D printed soft bending actuators. In SoutheastCon 2023, Orlando, USA. Apr 01-16, 2023. IEEE; 2023. pp. 596-602.

[22]

Su M,Qiu Y.Design, mobility analysis and gait planning of a leech-like soft crawling robot with stretching and bending deformation.J Bionic Eng2023;20:69-80

[23]

Yang Y,Shen Y.Inchworm-inspired soft robot with light-actuated locomotion.IEEE Robot Autom Lett2019;4:1647-52

[24]

Park M,Yu S.Deployable soft origami modular robotic arm with variable stiffness using facet buckling.IEEE Robot Autom Lett2023;8:864-71

[25]

Limchesing TJC,Bandala A,Dadios E.A soft robotic tentacle robot arm for inspection sytem on manufacturing lines. In 2019 IEEE 11th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information Technology, Communication and Control, Environment, and Management (HNICEM), Laoag, Philippines. Nov 29 - Dec 01, 2019. IEEE; 2019.pp. 1-4.

[26]

Wand P,Katzschmann RK.Prismatic soft actuator augments the workspace of soft continuum robots. In 2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Kyoto, Japan. Oct 23-27, 2022. IEEE; 2022. pp. 12630-6.

[27]

Liu S,Zhang G,Zhang D.A novel soft-robotic gripper with vertically plane contact of the object. In 2019 IEEE 9th Annual International Conference on CYBER Technology in Automation, Control, and Intelligent Systems (CYBER), Suzhou, China. Jul 29 - Aug 02, 2019. IEEE; 2019. pp. 1381-5.

[28]

Bryan P,Sahin F.Design of a soft robotic gripper for improved grasping with suction cups. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC), Bari, Italy. Oct 06-09, 2019. IEEE; 2019. pp. 2405-10.

[29]

Manes L,Fakhruldeen H,Paoletti P.A soft cable loop based gripper for robotic automation of chemistry.Sci Rep2024;14:8899 PMCID:PMC11024125

[30]

Van Nguyen, P.; Bui, T. H.; Ho, V. A. Towards safely grasping group objects by hybrid robot hand. In 2021 4th International Conference on Robotics, Control and Automation Engineering (RCAE), Wuhan, China. Nov 04-06, 2021. IEEE; 2021. pp. 389-93.

[31]

Sapmaz Y,Yilmaz O.Nickel-titanium SMA springs actuated bioinspired soft robot for pipeline inspections. In 2021 3rd International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA), Ankara, Turkey. Jun 11-13, 2021. IEEE; 2021. p. 1-5.

[32]

Tang C,Jiang S.A pipeline inspection robot for navigating tubular environments in the sub-centimeter scale.Sci Robot2022;7:eabm8597

[33]

Barreto PS,Pereira GD.Low-cost fish-based soft robot development for underwater environment. In 2023 15th IEEE International Conference on Industry Applications (INDUSCON), São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil. Nov 22-24, 2023. IEEE; 2023. pp. 1672-7.

[34]

Park G.Soft climbing robot with magnetic feet for multimodal locomotion.Sci Rep2023;13:8377 PMCID:PMC10209148

[35]

Fan X,Li M.Scale-reconfigurable miniature ferrofluidic robots for negotiating sharply variable spaces.Sci Adv2022;8:eabq1677 PMCID:PMC9481141

[36]

Li M,Heit JJ,Hawkes EW.VINE catheter for endovascular surgery.IEEE Trans Med Robot Bionics2021;3:384-91

[37]

Luo M,Wang T.Micro-/nanorobots at work in active drug delivery.Adv Funct Mater2018;28:1706100

[38]

Ji H.Application of soft actor-critic reinforcement learning to a search and rescue task for humanoid robots. In 2022 China Automation Congress (CAC), Xiamen, China. Nov 25-27, 2022. IEEE; 2022. pp. 3954-60.

[39]

Tricomi E,Xiloyannis M.Soft robotic shorts improve outdoor walking efficiency in older adults.Nat Mach Intell2024;6:1145-55

[40]

Xu X,Tu Z,Ye Y.E-SBOT: a soft service robot for user-centric smart service delivery. In 2019 IEEE World Congress on Services (SERVICES), Milan, Italy. Jul 08-13, 2019. IEEE; 2019. pp. 354-5.

[41]

Nguyen P.Grasping interface with wet adhesion and patterned morphology: case of thin shell.IEEE Robot Autom Lett2019;4:792-9

[42]

Nguyen VP.Wet adhesion of soft curved interfaces with micro pattern.IEEE Robot Autom Lett2021;6:4273-80

[43]

Meenakshipriya B,Shivashankaran D.Design and analysis of soft robotic gripper with different materials for object handling. In 2024 15th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Kamand, India. Jun 24-28, 2024. IEEE; 2024. p. 1-8.

[44]

Xie Z,Wang P.Soft robotic arm with extensible stiffening layer.IEEE Robot Autom Lett2023;8:3597-604

[45]

Otten B,Weidner R,Wulfsberg JP.A novel concept for wearable, modular and soft support systems used in industrial environments. In 2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Koloa, USA. 2016, pp. 542-50.

[46]

Ke X,Xu F,Wu Z.Stenus-inspired, swift, and agile untethered insect-scale soft propulsors.Nat Commun2024;15:1491 PMCID:PMC10876683

[47]

Wang X,Chang JC,Axinte D.Multimodal locomotion ultra-thin soft robots for exploration of narrow spaces.Nat Commun2024;15:6296 PMCID:PMC11282246

[48]

Zhao Y,Li Y.Physically intelligent autonomous soft robotic maze escaper.Sci Adv2023;9:eadi3254 PMCID:PMC10491293

[49]

Das R,Mondini A.Effects of lateral undulation in granular medium burrowing with a peristaltic soft robot. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft), Singapore, Singapore. Apr 03-07, 2023. IEEE; 2023. p. 1-6.

[50]

Das R,Visentin F,Mazzolai B.An earthworm-like modular soft robot for locomotion in multi-terrain environments.Sci Rep2023;13:1571 PMCID:PMC9884293

[51]

Katzschmann RK,MacCurdy R.Exploration of underwater life with an acoustically controlled soft robotic fish.Sci Robot2018;3:eaar3449

[52]

Chi Y,Zhao Y,Yin J.Snapping for high-speed and high-efficient butterfly stroke-like soft swimmer.Sci Adv2022;8:eadd3788 PMCID:PMC9674291

[53]

Li T,Liang Y.Fast-moving soft electronic fish.Sci Adv2017;3:e1602045 PMCID:PMC5381956

[54]

Qing H,Zhu Y.Spontaneous snapping-induced jet flows for fast, maneuverable surface and underwater soft flapping swimmer.Sci Adv2024;10:eadq4222 PMCID:PMC11616700

[55]

Zou J,Jin G.A five-way directional soft valve with a case study: a starfish like soft robot.2020 5th International Conference on Automation, Control and Robotics Engineering (CACRE)2020. pp. 130-4

[56]

Wang Y.Design and testing of a soft parallel robot based on pneumatic artificial muscles for wrist rehabilitation.Sci Rep2021;11:1273 PMCID:PMC7809151

[57]

Cabrera M,Turoski N,Han YL.Developing an untethered soft robot for finger rehabilitation. In 2023 8th International Conference on Automation, Control and Robotics Engineering (CACRE), Hong Kong, China. Jul 13-15, 2023. IEEE; 2023. pp. 258-62.

[58]

Yang Y,Wang L.Magnetic soft robotic bladder for assisted urination.Sci Adv2022;8:eabq1456 PMCID:PMC9401625

[59]

Li Y,Yamazaki K,Chen Y.Development of a soft robot based photodynamic therapy for pancreatic cancer.IEEE/ASME Trans Mechatron2021;26:2977-85

[60]

Tang J,Gu Z,Luo D.Super-soft and super-elastic DNA robot with magnetically driven navigational locomotion for cell delivery in confined space.Angew Chem Int Ed2020;59:2490-5

[61]

Wang C,Li M,Ugurlu H.Heterogeneous multiple soft millirobots in three-dimensional lumens.Sci Adv2024;10:eadq1951 PMCID:PMC11540014

[62]

Srinivasan SS,Hwang AV.RoboCap: robotic mucus-clearing capsule for enhanced drug delivery in the gastrointestinal tract.Sci Robot2022;7:eabp9066 PMCID:PMC10034646

[63]

Wu Y,Kim JK,Sitti M.Wireless soft millirobots for climbing three-dimensional surfaces in confined spaces.Sci Adv2022;8:eabn3431 PMCID:PMC9140972

[64]

Kashyap V,Doshi T.Multilayer fabrication of durable catheter-deployable soft robotic sensor arrays for efficient left atrial mapping.Sci Adv2020;6:eabc6800 PMCID:PMC7673747

[65]

Beatty R,Schreiber LHJ.Soft robot-mediated autonomous adaptation to fibrotic capsule formation for improved drug delivery.Sci Robot2023;8:eabq4821

[66]

Wang C,Dong X,Sitti M.In situ sensing physiological properties of biological tissues using wireless miniature soft robots.Sci Adv2023;9:eadg3988 PMCID:PMC7614673

[67]

Rogatinsky J,Feichtmeier J.A multifunctional soft robot for cardiac interventions.Sci Adv2023;9:eadi5559 PMCID:PMC10599628

[68]

Dong Y,Xia N.Untethered small-scale magnetic soft robot with programmable magnetization and integrated multifunctional modules.Sci Adv2022;8:eabn8932 PMCID:PMC9217092

[69]

Chen M,Zou J,Sun J.A multi-module soft robotic arm with soft end effector for minimally invasive surgery. In 2019 2nd World Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing (WCMEIM), Shanghai, China. Nov 22-24, 2019. IEEE; 2019. pp. 461-5.

[70]

Wang P,Xin W,Guo S.Design and experimental characterization of a push-pull flexible rod-driven soft-bodied robot.IEEE Robot Autom Lett2022;7:8933-40

[71]

Piao J,Kim J.Development of a comfort suit-type soft-wearable robot with flexible artificial muscles for walking assistance.Sci Rep2023;13:4869

[72]

Sadeghi M,Kitajima Borges JP.Numerical and experimental study of a wearable exo-glove for telerehabilitation application using shape memory alloy actuators.Actuators2024;13:409

[73]

Golparvar AJ.Toward graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking systems for human-machine interaction.Beilstein J Nanotechnol2021;12:180-9 PMCID:PMC7884882

[74]

Dong W,Yin Z,Chen J.Stretchable tactile and bio-potential sensors for human-machine interaction: a review. In: Chen Z, Mendes A, Yan Y, Chen S, editors. Intelligent robotics and applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. pp. 155-63.

[75]

Wajahat M,Kim JH.Flexible strain sensors fabricated by meniscus-guided printing of carbon nanotube–polymer composites.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2018;10:19999-20005

[76]

Xu H,Wang Y.Flexible waterproof piezoresistive pressure sensors with wide linear working range based on conductive fabrics.Nanomicro Lett2020;12:159 PMCID:PMC7770928

[77]

Huang X,Lin YH.High-stretchability and low-hysteresis strain sensors using origami-inspired 3D mesostructures.Sci Adv2023;9:eadh9799 PMCID:PMC10456843

[78]

Yoon JE,Park S.Evaluation of gait-assistive soft wearable robot designs for wear comfort, focusing on electroencephalogram and satisfaction.IEEE Robot Autom Lett2024;9:8834-41

[79]

Gillini G,Arrichiello F.An assistive shared control architecture for a robotic arm using EEG-based BCI with motor imagery. In 2021 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Prague, Czech Republic. Sep 27 - Oct 01, 2021. IEEE; 2021. pp. 4132-7.

[80]

Shahid T,Nurzaman SG,Kheng TK.Development of an electrooculogram-activated wearable soft hand exoskeleton. In 2020 IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES), Langkawi Island, Malaysia. Mar 01-03, 2021. IEEE; 2021. pp. 433-8.

[81]

Cheng X,Dong W.Soft dry electroophthalmogram electrodes for human machine interaction.Biomed Microdevices2019;21:103

[82]

Feng N,Wang H,Liu C.A soft robotic hand: design, analysis, sEMG control, and experiment.Int J Adv Manuf Technol2018;97:319-33

[83]

Wang M,Shu L,Park CH.Development and analysis of an origami-based elastomeric actuator and soft gripper control with machine learning and EMG sensors.Sensors2024;24:1751 PMCID:PMC10974146

[84]

Liu Y,Song Z.Electronic skin as wireless human-machine interfaces for robotic VR.Sci Adv2022;8:eabl6700 PMCID:PMC8759751

[85]

Qin Y,Li S.Dual-mode flexible capacitive sensor for proximity-tactile interface and wireless perception.IEEE Sensors J2022;22:10446-53

[86]

Lotti N,Durandau G.Adaptive model-based myoelectric control for a soft wearable arm exosuit: a new generation of wearable robot control.IEEE Robot Automat Mag2020;27:43-53

[87]

Liu R,Ma T.Remapping movement of shoulder with soft sensors: a noninvasive wearable body–machine interface.IEEE Sensors J2024;24:33101-11

[88]

Shi H.Peptide/PVA double-network hydrogel for soft robots. In 2020 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC), Shanghai, China. Nov 06-08, 2020. IEEE; 2020. pp. 1840-2.

[89]

Kozuki H,Yasuga H.Hybrid soft actuator driven by temperature-responsive hydrogel and soft grid skeleton with residual stress. In 2024 IEEE 37th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), Austin, USA. Jan 21-25, 2024. IEEE; 2024. pp. 206-8.

[90]

Liu W,D’Eleuterio G,Yang T.Shape memory alloy driven soft robot design and position control using continuous reinforcement learning. In 2019 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Autonomous Systems (ICoIAS), Singapore. Feb 28 - Mar 02, 2019. IEEE; 2019. pp. 124-30.

[91]

Kashef Tabrizian S,Cornellà AC.Assisted damage closure and healing in soft robots by shape memory alloy wires.Sci Rep2023;13:8820 PMCID:PMC10232441

[92]

Xu L,Liu S.Locomotion of an untethered, worm-inspired soft robot driven by a shape-memory alloy skeleton.Sci Rep2022;12:12392 PMCID:PMC9300706

[93]

Lin BY,Yang YJ.A miniaturized light-driven soft crawler based on liquid crystal elastomer with high-efficient photothermal thin-film. In 2022 IEEE 35th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Conference (MEMS), Tokyo, Japan. Jan 09-13, 2022. IEEE; 2022. pp. 628-31.

[94]

Zhang Y,Yang Y.Seamless multimaterial 3D liquid-crystalline elastomer actuators for next-generation entirely soft robots.Sci Adv2020;6:eaay8606 PMCID:PMC7048416

[95]

Yang X,Pan X.Bioinspired soft robots based on organic polymer-crystal hybrid materials with response to temperature and humidity.Nat Commun2023;14:2287 PMCID:PMC10121608

[96]

Min H,Jang S.Stiffness-tunable velvet worm-inspired soft adhesive robot.Sci Adv2024;10:eadp8260 PMCID:PMC11578180

[97]

Liu JA,Mishra SR,Tracy JB.Photothermally and magnetically controlled reconfiguration of polymer composites for soft robotics.Sci Adv2019;5:eaaw2897 PMCID:PMC6677553

[98]

Yang X,Lu H.An agglutinate magnetic spray transforms inanimate objects into millirobots for biomedical applications.Sci Robot2020;5:eabc8191

[99]

Jin B,Jiang R,Zhao Q.Programming a crystalline shape memory polymer network with thermo- and photo-reversible bonds toward a single-component soft robot.Sci Adv2018;4:eaao3865 PMCID:PMC5787381

[100]

Wang D,Li X.Dexterous electrical-driven soft robots with reconfigurable chiral-lattice foot design.Nat Commun2023;14:5067 PMCID:PMC10442442

[101]

Tang W,Xu H.Self-protection soft fluidic robots with rapid large-area self-healing capabilities.Nat Commun2023;14:6430 PMCID:PMC10576050

[102]

Grace D,Garcia M,Tekes A.Development of a novel six DOF soft parallel robot. In SoutheastCon 2022, Mobile, USA. Mar 26 - Apr 03, 2022. IEEE; 2022. pp. 81-6.

[103]

Yang B,Shah D.Reprogrammable soft actuation and shape-shifting via tensile jamming.Sci Adv2021;7:eabh2073 PMCID:PMC11093226

[104]

Li T,Chen F.Bioinspired stretchable fiber-based sensor toward intelligent human-machine interactions.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces2022;14:22666-77

[105]

Su H,Murphy RR,Garibaldi BT.Physical human–robot interaction for clinical care in infectious environments.Nat Mach Intell2021;3:184-6

[106]

Kabir M,Ahmed MS,Sundaravadivel P.Design and fabrication of sensorized soft effectors for modular soft robots. In 2023 7th International Conference on Automation, Control and Robots (ICACR), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Aug 04-06, 2023. IEEE; 2023. pp. 44-7.

[107]

Nguyen TD,Noh J,Kang G.Skin-type proximity sensor by using the change of electromagnetic field.IEEE Trans Ind Electron2021;68:2379-88

[108]

Le X,Sun Z,Lee C.Noncontact human-machine interface using complementary information fusion based on MEMS and triboelectric sensors.Adv Sci2022;9:e2201056 PMCID:PMC9313506

[109]

Arachchige DDK,Mallikarachchi S,Kanj I.Soft steps: exploring quadrupedal locomotion with modular soft robots.IEEE Access2023;11:63136-48

[110]

Null WD,Y Z.Development of a modular and submersible soft robotic arm and corresponding learned kinematics models. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft), Singapore, Singapore. Apr 03-07, 2023. IEEE; 2023. p. 1-6.

[111]

Must I,Mazzolai B.A variable-stiffness tendril-like soft robot based on reversible osmotic actuation.Nat Commun2019;10:344 PMCID:PMC6341089

[112]

He Q,Hua Y.A modular strategy for distributed, embodied control of electronics-free soft robots.Sci Adv2023;9:eade9247 PMCID:PMC10328409

[113]

Dong W,Fortino G.Stretchable human machine interface based on smart glove embedded with PDMS-CB strain sensors.IEEE Sensors J2020;20:8073-81

[114]

Zheng E,Wang Q.Toward a human-machine interface based on electrical impedance tomography for robotic manipulator control. In 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Macau, China. Nov 03-08, 2019. IEEE; 2019. pp. 2768-74.

[115]

Zhang S,Tchantchane R.A wearable human–machine-interface (HMI) system based on colocated EMG-pFMG sensing for hand gesture recognition.IEEE/ASME Trans Mechatron2025;30:369-80

[116]

Zhao M,Wang W.Research on human-computer interaction intention recognition based on EEG and eye movement.IEEE Access2020;8:145824-32

[117]

Centurelli A,Rizzo A,Laschi C.Closed-loop dynamic control of a soft manipulator using deep reinforcement learning.IEEE Robot Autom Lett2022;7:4741-8

[118]

Nazeer MS,Campinoti G,Falotico E.Policy adaptation using an online regressing network in a soft robotic arm. In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft), Singapore, Singapore. Apr 03-07, 2023. IEEE; 2023. p. 1-7.

[119]

Haggerty DA,Kamenar E.Control of soft robots with inertial dynamics.Sci Robot2023;8:eadd6864

[120]

Picella S,Overvelde JTB.Pneumatic coding blocks enable programmability of electronics-free fluidic soft robots.Sci Adv2024;10:eadr2433 PMCID:PMC11661450

[121]

Tang Z,Xin W.Learning-based approach for a soft assistive robotic arm to achieve simultaneous position and force control.IEEE Robot Autom Lett2022;7:8315-22

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF

115

Accesses

0

Citation

Detail

Sections
Recommended

AI思维导图

/