Monocytes with trained immunity–like signatures are associated with acute anterior uveitis in ankylosing spondylitis
Yimeng Sun , Lu Zhang , Xinyu Yao , Yunfei Liu , Xin Li , Feng Wen , Yong Dai , Ye Dai , Ziyu Du , Dijie Qiao , Ziwei Meng , Cong Hu , Chun Yan , Wei Chi
Interdisciplinary Medicine ›› 2026, Vol. 4 ›› Issue (3) : e70113
Acute anterior uveitis (AAU) is the most common extra-articular manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis, leading to recurrent inflammation and irreversible visual impairment. Long-term corticosteroid therapy is associated with substantial adverse effects, and effective strategies to prevent relapse are lacking. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from seven patients with ankylosing spondylitis-acute anterior uveitis (AS-AAU) and six healthy controls, and aqueous humor samples were analyzed together with genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. Bioinformatic pipelines were used to infer cell–cell communication, metabolic programs, extracellular vesicle (EV)-related signals, and disease-relevant cell types, followed by validation in clinically derived specimens. A monocyte subcluster with upregulated cytokine and chemokine transcripts and signatures of trained immunity, termed Mono-TI, is identified. EVs potentially transport inflammatory mediators associated with Mono-TI, thereby contributing to immune dysregulation. Pseudotime analysis indicates that Mono-TI may differentiate into macrophages within the ocular microenvironment that share overlapping transcriptional features. Cell–cell interaction analysis positions Mono-TI as a highly connected node, receiving IFN-γ signals from CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells while actively regulating neutrophils. Integrated GWAS analysis further implicates Mono-TI, together with CD8+ T cells and NK cells, as key contributors to disease pathogenesis. This study delineates the immune landscape of AS-AAU and highlights a monocyte subset with trained immunity–like transcriptional signatures and related immune cell populations as central mediators of systemic and ocular inflammation and as promising therapeutic targets.
ankylosing spondylitis / innate immunity / single-cell RNA sequencing / trained immunity / uveitis
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2026 The Author(s). Interdisciplinary Medicine published by Wiley-VCH GmbH on behalf of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University.
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