Nanoparticle-integrated electrostimulation-responsive biomaterials: Innovations in drug delivery and tissue repair in clinical regenerative medicine

Abstract

Tissue engineering holds immense promise for repairing damaged tissues and organs, yet current approaches often fall short due to poor host integration, limited drug delivery precision, and scalability challenges. Recent developments in electrostimulation-responsive biomaterials incorporating drug or growth factor-loaded nanoparticles offer a novel path forward. However, a comprehensive review integrating these emerging strategies within a unified framework is lacking. This review uniquely synthesizes current advances in electroactive materials such as conductive polymers, hydrogels, and piezoelectric scaffolds, and their dynamic interactions with electrostimulation at the cellular and molecular levels. It highlights how the incorporation of nanoparticles such as iron oxide, silver, and carbon-based enhances localized therapeutic delivery and regenerative outcomes. Unlike existing literature, this work provides a cross-tissue perspective, covering applications in cardiac, bone, cartilage, skin, neural, and cancer tissue regeneration. It also critically analyses fabrication techniques, biocompatibility issues, and design strategies for clinical scalability. By integrating diverse findings, the review identifies key knowledge gaps and emerging trends including smart, responsive scaffolds and interdisciplinary approaches that are shaping the future of regenerative medicine. This comprehensive and forward-looking review serves as a novel resource for researchers and clinicians aiming to translate electrostimulation-responsive platforms into effective next-generation therapeutic solutions.

Keywords

conductive polymers / electrostimulation-responsive biomaterials / localized therapeutic delivery / nanoparticle-based drug delivery / piezoelectric materials / regenerative medicine / tissue engineering scaffolds

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