Incretin mimetics for the management of diabetes and associated comorbidities: An overview

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with various comorbidities that aggravate the disease’s overall impact on health. The most prevalent comorbidities of diabetes include obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular conditions, and kidney diseases. Incretin mimetics, also known as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, mimic incretin hormones to stimulate insulin release in response to food intake. These medications help lower blood glucose by increasing insulin production, reducing glucagon secretion, slowing stomach emptying, and promoting satiety. A key advantage of incretin mimetics is their ability to reduce blood glucose levels without causing hypoglycemia, making them a safer option for many patients. They also promote weight loss, which is particularly beneficial for patients with both obesity and diabetes. Incretin mimetics are typically administered once or twice daily and are often used in combination with other treatments such as metformin or insulin. Evidence suggests that these drugs may reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke, an important consideration given the heightened cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. Additionally, incretin mimetics may help preserve pancreatic beta-cell function, potentially slowing the progression of diabetes. However, these drugs are costly and may be unaffordable for low-income individuals. Commonly reported side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which tend to decrease over time. While there have been reports of pancreatitis, current research indicates that incretin mimetics do not increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Educating patients on proper use and potential side effects is crucial to ensure safe and effective treatment with incretin mimetics.

Keywords

Diabetes / Obesity / Cardiovascular and kidney diseases / Incretin hormones / Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist / Gastric inhibitory peptide / Incretin mimetics

Funding

None.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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