Expert consensus on treatment of condylar hyperplasia and secondary dento-maxillofacial deformities

Ruiye Bi; Bassam M. Abotaleb; Xiaofeng Bai; Kun Cao; Gang Chen; Jie Cheng; Weihua Guo; Min Hu; Li Huang; Xuanping Huang; Hongbing Jiang; Lingyong Jiang; Xiaolei Jin; Feiwu Kang; Tangxin Li; Wenyang Li; Shuguang Liu; Yanpu Liu; Yanshan Liu; Li Lu; Yisen Shao; Bin Shi; Guodong Song; Yuxiong Su; Jian Sun; Zhenglong Tang; Lei Tian; Maimaitituxun Tuerdi; Qilong Wan; Xiaoxia Wang; Xuejiu Wang; Yong Wang; Guomin Wu; Zhijian Xie; Guangqi Yan; Xuewen Yang; Meng You; Fenghe Zhang; Shilei Zhang; Guangsen Zheng; Songsong Zhu; En Luo

doi:10.1038/s41368-026-00442-7

International Journal of Oral Science ›› 2026, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (1) :45 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-026-00442-7

Review Article

review-article

Expert consensus on treatment of condylar hyperplasia and secondary dento-maxillofacial deformities

Author information +

¹State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

²Department of Oral and maxillofacial Surgery, Favulty of Dentistry, Ibb University, IBB, Yemen

³Stomatology hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

⁴Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University; School of Stomatology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China

⁵School of stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China

⁶Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

⁷Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China

⁸Department of Oral Maxilloface Surgery, Chineses PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

⁹Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China

¹⁰College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China

¹¹Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Stomatology; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai, China

¹²Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academic of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

¹³Shanghai Tongji Stomatological Hospital and Dental School, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

¹⁴, Department of stomatology Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário‌, Macau, China

¹⁵Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China

¹⁶Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

¹⁷Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, China

¹⁸, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

¹⁹Department of Oral maxillofacial, affiliated stomatological hospital, China medical university, Shenyang, China

²⁰Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China

²¹Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

²²Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China

²³State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Maxillofacial Trauma and Orthognathic Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China

²⁴, First Affiliated Hospital(Affiliated Stomatolgical Hospital) of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China

²⁵State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

²⁶Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China

²⁷Department of Oral and Maxillofacial plastic and trauma Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

²⁸, Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical, Beijing, China

²⁹Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Jilin, China

³⁰School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key laboratory of Oral Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China

³¹Dpartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

³²Department of oral and maxillafacial surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China

³³Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

³⁴Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

^a zss_1977@163.com

^b luoen521125@sina.com

Show less

History +

PDF

Abstract

Condylar hyperplasia (CH), characterized by progressive facial deviation, occlusion disorders, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction, often requires combined temporomandibular joint (TMJ)-orthognathic interventions to reconstruct joint and occlusal functions as well as rebuilding harmonious facial expressions. Managing the dentomaxillofacial deformities secondary to CH involves hyperplastic condylar resection, orthognathic surgery, facial contour surgery and orthodontic treatment. Based on the activity of condylar hypertrophy, the severity of dentomaxillofacial deformity and malocclusion, an individualized treatment plan should be formulated to reconstruct joint functions, correct deformities and recover occlusal relationships. This expert consensus, informed by the latest clinical research and practical experience, addresses clinical considerations for surgical treatment strategies for patients with different CH types, delineating indications, objectives, procedures, and principles with the aim of providing clear and practical guidance for clinical practitioners.

Cite this article

Download citation ▾

Ruiye Bi, Bassam M. Abotaleb, Xiaofeng Bai, Kun Cao, Gang Chen, Jie Cheng, Weihua Guo, Min Hu, Li Huang, Xuanping Huang, Hongbing Jiang, Lingyong Jiang, Xiaolei Jin, Feiwu Kang, Tangxin Li, Wenyang Li, Shuguang Liu, Yanpu Liu, Yanshan Liu, Li Lu, Yisen Shao, Bin Shi, Guodong Song, Yuxiong Su, Jian Sun, Zhenglong Tang, Lei Tian, Maimaitituxun Tuerdi, Qilong Wan, Xiaoxia Wang, Xuejiu Wang, Yong Wang, Guomin Wu, Zhijian Xie, Guangqi Yan, Xuewen Yang, Meng You, Fenghe Zhang, Shilei Zhang, Guangsen Zheng, Songsong Zhu, En Luo. Expert consensus on treatment of condylar hyperplasia and secondary dento-maxillofacial deformities. International Journal of Oral Science, 2026, 18 (1) : 45 DOI:10.1038/s41368-026-00442-7

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户忘记密码

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within

[1]	Cascone P, Runci Anastasi M, Maffia F, Vellone V. Slice Functional Condylectomy and Piezosurgery: A Proposal in Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia Treatment. J. Craniofac. Surg., 2021, 32: 1836-1837.

[2]	Gateno J, Coppelson KB, Kuang T, Poliak CD, Xia JJ. A Better Understanding of Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia of the Mandible. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg.: Off. J. Am. Assoc. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2021, 79: 1122-1132.

[3]	Ghawsi S, Aagaard E, Thygesen TH. High condylectomy for the treatment of mandibular condylar hyperplasia: a systematic review of the literature. Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2016, 45: 60-71.

[4]	Iannetti G, Cascone P, Belli E, Cordaro L. Condylar hyperplasia: cephalometric study, treatment planning, and surgical correction (our experience). Oral. Surg. Oral. Med Oral. Pathol., 1989, 68: 673-681.

[5]	Nolte JW, Alders M, Karssemakers LHE, Becking AG, Hennekam RCM. Molecular basis of unilateral condylar hyperplasia?. Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2020, 49: 1397-1401.

[6]	Nolte JW, Alders M, Karssemakers LHE, Becking AG, Hennekam RCM. Unilateral condylar hyperplasia in hemifacial hyperplasia, is there genetic proof of overgrowth?. Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2020, 49: 1464-1469.

[7]	Cao P, et al.. MiR-15b is a key regulator of proliferation and apoptosis of chondrocytes from patients with condylar hyperplasia by targeting IGF1, IGF1R and BCL2. Osteoarthr. Cartil., 2019, 27: 336-346.

[8]	Chen Y, et al.. Insulin-like growth factor-1 boosts the developing process of condylar hyperplasia by stimulating chondrocytes proliferation. Osteoarthr. Cartil., 2012, 20: 279-287.

[9]	Götz W, et al.. Distribution of insulin-like growth factors in condylar hyperplasia. Ann. Anat. - Anatomischer Anz., 2007, 189: 347-349.

[10]	Meng Q, Long X, Deng M, Cai H, Li J. The expressions of IGF-1, BMP-2 and TGF-β1 in cartilage of condylar hyperplasia. J. Oral. Rehabilitation, 2011, 38: 34-40.

[11]	Almeida LE, et al.. Mandibular condylar hyperplasia and its correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor. J. Oral. Rehabilitation, 2023, 50: 845-851.

[12]	Niño-Sandoval TC, Maia FPA, Vasconcelos BCE. Efficacy of proportional versus high condylectomy in active condylar hyperplasia — A systematic review. J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg., 2019, 47: 1222-1232.

[13]	Nitzan DW, Katsnelson A, Bermanis I, Brin I, Casap N. The clinical characteristics of condylar hyperplasia: experience with 61 patients. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg.: Off. J. Am. Assoc. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2008, 66: 312-318.

[14]	Raijmakers PG, Karssemakers LHE, Tuinzing DB. Female predominance and effect of gender on unilateral condylar hyperplasia: a review and meta-analysis. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg.: Off. J. Am. Assoc. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2012, 70: e72-e76.

[15]	Turvey TA, et al.. Active Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia Treated With Simultaneous Condylectomy and Orthognathic Surgery: A Clinical Report. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg.: Off. J. Am. Assoc. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2022, 80: 1593-1612.

[16]	Obwegeser HL, Makek MS. Hemimandibular hyperplasia-hemimandibular elongation. J. Maxillofac. Surg., 1986, 14: 183-208.

[17]	Xiao J, Wu Z, Ye W. Using 3D Medical Modeling to Evaluate the Accuracy of Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Bone Scintigraphy in Diagnosing Condylar Hyperplasia. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg.: Off. J. Am. Assoc. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2022, 80: 285.e281-285.e289.

[18]	Elbaz J, et al.. Condylar Hyperplasia: Correlation Between Clinical, Radiological, Scintigraphic, and Histologic Features. J. Craniofac. Surg., 2014, 25: 1085.

[19]	Yu J, Yang T, Dai J, Wang X. Histopathological features of condylar hyperplasia and condylar Osteochondroma: a comparison study. Orphanet J. Rare Dis., 2019, 14. ArticleID: 293

[20]	Espinosa S, Covarrubias E, Diaz R, Diaz KT, Cafferata EA. Histologic findings and related diagnostic methods in condylar hyperactivity. Int J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2021, 50: 54-63.

[21]	Ji H, et al.. Histopathologic comparison of condylar hyperplasia and condylar osteochondroma by using different staining methods. Oral. Surg., Oral. Med., Oral. Pathol. Oral. Radiol., 2017, 123: 320-329.

[22]	Wen B, Shen Y, Wang C-Y. Clinical value of 99Tcm-MDP SPECT bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of unilateral condylar hyperplasia. TheScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 2014. ArticleID: 256256

[23]	Saridin CP, et al.. Unilateral condylar hyperactivity: a histopathologic analysis of 47 patients. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg.: Off. J. Am. Assoc. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2010, 68: 47-53.

[24]

Fariña RA, Becar M, Plaza C, Espinoza I, Franco ME. Correlation between single photon emission computed tomography, AgNOR count, and histomorphologic features in patients with active mandibular condylar hyperplasia. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg.: Off. J. Am. Assoc. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2011, 69: 356-361.

[25]	Vásquez B, et al.. Histopathological analysis of unilateral condylar hyperplasia: difficulties in diagnosis and characterization of the disease. Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2016, 45: 601-609.

[26]	Martin-Granizo R, et al.. Correlation between single photon emission computed tomography and histopathologic findings in condylar hyperplasia of the temporomandibular joint. J. Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surg.: Off. Publ. Eur. Assoc. Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surg., 2017, 45: 839-844.

[27]

López DF, López C, Moreno M, Pinedo R. Post-Condylectomy Histopathologic Findings in Patients With a Positive 99mTc Methylene Diphosphonate Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomographic Diagnosis for Condylar Hyperplasia. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg.: Off. J. Am. Assoc. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2018, 76: 1005-1012.

[28]	Guo H, et al.. Upregulation of proangiogenic factors expression in the synovium of temporomandibular joint condylar hyperplasia. Oral. Surg., Oral. Med., Oral. Pathol. Oral. Radiol., 2016, 121: e65-e71.

[29]	Vásquez B, et al.. Histomorphometric analysis of unilateral condylar hyperplasia in the temporomandibular joint: the value of the condylar layer and cartilage island. Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2017, 46: 861-866.

[30]	Chan BH, Leung YY. SPECT bone scintigraphy for the assessment of condylar growth activity in mandibular asymmetry: is it accurate?. Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2018, 47: 470-479.

[31]	Ouyang N, et al.. Evaluation of optimal single-photon emission computed tomography reference value and three-dimensional mandibular growth pattern in 54 Chinese unilateral condylar hyperplasia patients. Head. Face Med., 2023, 19: 18.

[32]	Karssemakers LHE, de Winter DCM, van der Pas SL, Nolte JW, Becking AG. The learning curve of transoral condylectomy; a retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive cases of unilateral condylar hyperplasia. J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg., 2023, 51: 309-315.

[33]	Karssemakers LHE, et al.. Diagnostic accuracy of bone SPECT and SPECT/CT imaging in the diagnosis of unilateral condylar hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg., 2024, 52: 447-453.

[34]	Surendran KSB, Cobb MA, Keith DJW, Banks RJ, Gannon M. Choosing the best method to utilise single positron emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans in the management of unilateral condylar hyperplasia. Br. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2020, 58: 1193-1196.

[35]	Espinosa S, Cortés R, Toro-Ibacache V. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) diagnostic accuracy in active unilateral condylar hyperplasia: Retrospective study. J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg., 2023, 51: 467-474.

[36]	Fariña R, Pintor F, Pérez J, Pantoja R, Berner D. Low condylectomy as the sole treatment for active condylar hyperplasia: facial, occlusal and skeletal changes. An observational study. Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2015, 44: 217-225.

[37]	Yang Z, Reed T, Longino BH. Bone Scintigraphy SPECT/CT Evaluation of Mandibular Condylar Hyperplasia. J. Nucl. Med. Technol., 2016, 44: 49-51.

[38]	Maniskas S, Ly CL, Parsaei Y, Bruckman KC, Steinbacher DM. Facial Asymmetry in Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia: Comparing Treatment for Active versus Burnt-Out Disease. Plast. Reconstructive Surg., 2020, 146: 439e.

[39]	Riechmann M, et al.. Clinical Practice Guideline: Condylar Hyperplasia of the Mandible—Diagnosis and Treatment. Dtsch. Arzteblatt Int., 2024, 121: 816-823

[40]	Gallagher AL, et al.. Mandibular condylar remodeling characteristics after simultaneous condylectomy and orthognathic surgery. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. orthopedics : Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Orthod., its constituent societies, Am. Board Orthod., 2021, 160: 705-717.

[41]

Choi YJ, Lee S-H, Baek M-S, Kim J-Y, Park Y-C. Consecutive condylectomy and molar intrusion using temporary anchorage devices as an alternative for correcting facial asymmetry with condylar hyperplasia. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthopedics: Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Orthod., Its Constituent Societies, Am. Board Orthod., 2015, 147: S109-S121.

[42]	Li Y, et al.. Standard orthodontic treatment after condylectomy for patients with active unilateral condylar hyperplasia. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthopedics: Off. Publ. Am. Assoc. Orthod., Its Constituent Societies, Am. Board Orthod., 2022, 161: 404-415.e401.

[43]	Bachelet, J. T. & Demange, C. Orthognathic Management of Facial Asymmetry Due to Inactive Idiopathic Condylar Hyperplasia: Accuracy and Morbidity Reduction Without Condylectomy. J. Craniofac. Surg.36, e1401–e1404 (2025).

[44]

Tousidonis M, Navarro-Cuellar C, Farina R. Proportional Condylectomy for the Treatment of Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia With Maloclussion: Role of Point-of-Care Manufacturing Surgical Guides and Intraoperative Computed Tomography to Avoid Secondary Orthognatic Surgery. J. Craniofac. Surg., 2025, 36: e251-e253.

[45]	Nelke K, Morawska-Kochman M, Kowalski P, Dobrzyński M, Guziński M. A proposed protocol for correlation between bone density in hemimandibular hyperplasia radiography and histopathological findings — A retrospective study. J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg., 2024, 52: 196-202.

[46]	Yuan H, Jiang T, Shi J, Shen SGF. Precise Intraoral Condylectomy With the Guide of Three-Dimensional Printed Template in a Mandibular Condylar Hyperplasia Patient. J. Craniofac. Surg., 2022, 33: e685-e688.

[47]	Haas Junior OL, Fariña R, Hernández-Alfaro F, de Oliveira RB. Minimally invasive intraoral proportional condylectomy with a three-dimensionally printed cutting guide. Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2020, 49: 1435-1438.

[48]	Janakiraman N, et al.. Integration of 3-dimensional surgical and orthodontic technologies with orthognathic “surgery-first” approach in the management of unilateral condylar hyperplasia. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthopedics, 2015, 148: 1054-1066.

[49]	Sembronio S, Tel A, Perrotti G, Robiony M. One-Stage Computer-Guided Customized Management of Skeletal Asymmetry by Concomitant Proportional Condylectomy and Orthognathic Surgery in Patients With Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2020, 78: 2072.e2071-2072.e2012.

[50]	Figueroa AA, et al.. The Role of Digital Surgical Planning and Surgical Guides in the Treatment of Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia. J. Craniofac. Surg., 2024, 35: 223-227.

[51]	Wolford LM, Morales-Ryan CA, García-Morales P, Perez D. Surgical management of mandibular condylar hyperplasia type 1. Proc. (Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent.), 2009, 22: 321-329

[52]	Du W, et al.. Treatment of hemimandibular hyperplasia by computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing cutting and drilling guides accompanied with pre-bent titanium plates. J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg., 2020, 48: 1-8.

[53]	Abotaleb B, et al.. Treatment measures of hemimandibular hyperplasia and associated facial deformities. J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg., 2021, 49: 126-134.

[54]	Gerbino G, Segura-Palleres I, Ramieri G. Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle: Indications for different surgical methods: A case series of 7 patients. J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg., 2021, 49: 584-591.

[55]	Perrotta, S. et al. A Novel Virtual Planned-Orthodontic-Surgical Approach for Proportional Condylectomy in Condylar Hyperplasia. J. Clin. Med.14, 752 (2025).

[56]	Lartizien R, et al.. Learning condyle repositioning during orthognathic surgery with a surgical navigation system. Int J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2019, 48: 952-956.

[57]	Mohanty, S., Verma, A. & Singh, V. Enhancing Temporomandibular Joint Surgical Outcomes with Digital Technologies. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. North Am.37, 505–516 (2025).

[58]	Kobravi, S., Jafari, A., Lotfalizadeh, M. & Azimi, A. Digital Innovations in Orthognathic Surgery: A Systematic Review of Virtual Surgical Planning, Digital Transfer, and Conventional Model Surgery. Orthod. Craniofac. Res.28, 783–798 (2025).

[59]	Li K, et al.. Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Cutting and Drilling Guides with Prebent Titanium Plates Improve Surgical Accuracy of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2020, 145: 963e-974e.

[60]	Zhu Z, et al.. Surgical Guides and Prebent Titanium Improve the Planning for the Treatment of Dentofacial Deformities Secondary to Condylar Osteochondroma. J. Craniofac. Surg., 2022, 33: 1488-1492.

[61]	Li B, et al.. Randomized Clinical Trial of the Accuracy of Patient-Specific Implants versus CAD/CAM Splints in Orthognathic Surgery. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2021, 148: 1101-1110.

[62]	He D, Du W, Li J, Liu L, Luo E. Clinical feasibility and efficiency of a 3-dimensional printed surgical template for mandibular angle osteotomy and mandibular angle splitting osteotomy. Br. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg., 2018, 56: 594-599.

Funding

Key Research and Development Support Program of Chengdu NO. 2025-YF09-00015-SN； Clinical New Technology Program of West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University NO. WCHS-APP-2025-0087

Clinical Research Program of West China Hospital of Stomatology, LCYJ2023-DL-5