One-year water-ageing of calcium phosphate composite containing nano-silver and quaternary ammonium to inhibit biofilms

Abstract

Antibacterial properties of dental restorations improve on addition of nano-silver and an ammonium compound. Amorphous calcium phosphate is widely used for restoration because of its biocompatibility and similar composition to minerals in hard tissues. However, the detrimental formation of biofilms on dental resins and hence, the promotion of secondary caries, are problems. Hockin Xu at the University of Maryland, US, and Xuedong Zhou at Sichuan University, China, monitored the mechanical and antibacterial properties of a range of calcium phosphate composites to assess the effects of adding nano-silver and quaternary ammonium dimethylacrylate. Both additives decreased the formation of biofilms as well as lactic acid production over one year. Moreover, composites that incorporated both additives showed significantly enhanced antibacterial properties compared to those with a single additive. The composites’ mechanical properties were not compromised by additive incorporation.

Keywords

antibacterial composite / calcium phosphate nanoparticles / human saliva microcosm biofilm / long-term durability / quaternary ammonium / silver nanoparticles

References

[1] Bagramian RA, Garcia-Godoy F, Volpe AR. The global increase in dental caries. A pending public health crisis. Am J Dent, 2009, 22(1): 3-8.

[2] Beazoglou T, Eklund S, Heffley D. Economic impact of regulating the use of amalgam restorations. Public Health Rep, 2007, 122(5): 657-663.

[3] Bayne SC, Thompson JY, Swift EJ Jr. A characterization of first-generation flowable composites. J Am Dent Assoc, 1998, 129(5): 567-577.

[4] Lim BS, Ferracane JL, Sakaguchi RL. Reduction of polymerization contraction stress for dental composites by two-step light-activation. Dent Mater, 2002, 18(6): 436-444.

[5] Drummond JL. Degradation, fatigue, and failure of resin dental composite materials. J Dent Res, 2008, 87(8): 710-719.

[6] Samuel SP, Li S, Mukherjee I. Mechanical properties of experimental dental composites containing a combination of mesoporous and nonporous spherical silica as fillers. Dent Mater, 2009, 25(3): 296-301.

[7] Lynch CD, Frazier KB, McConnell RJ. Minimally invasive management of dental caries: contemporary teaching of posterior resin-based composite placement in US and Canadian dental schools. J Am Dent Assoc, 2011, 142(6): 612-620.

[8] Ferracane JL. Resin composite—state of the art. Dent Mater, 2011, 27(1): 29-38.

[9] Lu H, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Impact of curing protocol on conversion and shrinkage stress. J Dent Res, 2005, 84(9): 822-826.

[10] Lynch CD. Successful posterior composites, 2008 London: Quintessence

[11] Ferracane JL. Buonocore lecture. Placing dental composites — a stressful experience. Oper Dent, 2008, 33(3): 247-257.

[12] Spencer P, Ye Q, Park J. Adhesive/dentin interface: the weak link in the composite restoration. Ann Biomed Eng, 2010, 38(6): 1989-2003.

[13] Hosoya Y, Shiraishi T, Odatsu T. Effects of polishing on surface roughness, gloss, and color of resin composites. J Oral Sci, 2011, 53(3): 283-291.

[14] Beyth N, Domb AJ, Weiss EI. An in vitro quantitative antibacterial analysis of amalgam and composite resins. J Dent, 2007, 35(3): 201-206.

[15] Zalkind MM, Keisar O, Ever-Hadani P. Accumulation of Streptococcus mutans on light-cured composites and amalgam: an in vitro study. J Esthet Dent, 1998, 10(4): 187-190.

[16] Sakaguchi RL. Review of the current status and challenges for dental posterior restorative composites: clinical, chemistry, and physical behavior considerations. Summary of discussion from the Portland Composites Symposium (POCOS) June 17-19, 2004, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Dent Mater, 2005, 21(1): 3-6.

[17] Deligeorgi V, Mjör IA, Wilson NH. An overview of reasons for the placement and replacement of restorations. Prim Dent Care, 2001, 8(1): 5-11.

[18] Frost PM. An audit on the placement and replacement of restorations in a general dental practice. Prim Dent Care, 2002, 9(1): 31-36.

[19] Imazato S, Torii M, Tsuchitani Y. Incorporation of bacterial inhibitor into resin composite. J Dent Res, 1994, 73(8): 1437-1443.

[20] Ebi N, Imazato S, Noiri Y. Inhibitory effects of resin composite containing bactericide-immobilized filler on plaque accumulation. Dent Mater, 2001, 17(6): 485-491.

[21] Imazato S, Kinomoto Y, Tarumi H. Antibacterial activity and bonding characteristics of an adhesive resin containing antibacterial monomer MDPB. Dent Mater, 2003, 19(4): 313-319.

[22] Imazato S, Tay FR, Kaneshiro AV. An in vivo evaluation of bonding ability of comprehensive antibacterial adhesive system incorporating MDPB. Dent Mater, 2007, 23(2): 170-176.

[23] Xie D, Weng Y, Guo X. Preparation and evaluation of a novel glass-ionomer cement with antibacterial functions. Dent Mater, 2011, 27(5): 487-496.

[24] Tezvergil-Mutluay A, Agee KA, Uchiyama T. The inhibitory effects of quaternary ammonium methacrylates on soluble and matrix-bound MMPs. J Dent Res, 2011, 90(4): 535-540.

[25] Beyth N, Yudovin-Farber I, Bahir R. Antibacterial activity of dental composites containing quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans. Biomaterials, 2006, 27(21): 3995-4002.

[26] Pashley DH, Tay FR, Imazato S. How to increase the durability of resin-dentin bonds. Compend Contin Educ Dent, 2011, 32(7): 60-64.

[27] Antonucci JM, Zeiger DN, Tang K. Synthesis and characterization of dimethacrylates containing quaternary ammonium functionalities for dental applications. Dent Mater, 2012, 28(2): 219-228.

[28] Cheng L, Weir MD, Xu HH. Antibacterial amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomposites with a quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate and silver nanoparticles. Dent Mater, 2012, 28(5): 561-572.

[29] Xu X, Wang Y, Liao S. Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial dental monomers and composites. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater, 2012, 100(4): 1151-1162.

[30] Cheng L, Zhang K, Weir MD. Nanotechnology strategies for antibacterial and remineralizing composites and adhesives to tackle dental caries. Nanomedicine: Lond, 2015, 10(4): 627-641.

[31] Fan C, Chu L, Rawls HR. Development of an antimicrobial resin — a pilot study. Dent Mater, 2011, 27(4): 322-328.

[32] Cheng L, Zhang K, Melo MA. Anti-biofilm dentin primer with quaternary ammonium and silver nanoparticles. J Dent Res, 2012, 91(6): 598-604.

[33] Zhang K, Melo MA, Cheng L. Effect of quaternary ammonium and silver nanoparticle-containing adhesives on dentin bond strength and dental plaque microcosm biofilms. Dent Mater, 2012, 28(8): 842-852.

[34] Oei JD, Zhao WW, Chu L. Antimicrobial acrylic materials with in situ generated silver nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater, 2012, 100(2): 409-415.

[35] Yeniyol S, He Z, Yüksel B. Antibacterial activity of As-annealed TiO₂ nanotubes doped with Ag nanoparticles against periodontal pathogens. Bioinorg Chem Appl, 2014, 2014: 829496.

[36] Dickens SH, Flaim GM, Takagi S. Mechanical properties and biochemical activity of remineralizing resin-based Ca-PO4 cements. Dent Mater, 2003, 19(6): 558-566.

[37] Langhorst SE, O'Donnell JN, Skrtic D. In vitro remineralization of enamel by polymeric amorphous calcium phosphate composite: quantitative microradiographic study. Dent Mater, 2009, 25(7): 884-891.

[38] Weir MD, Chow LC, Xu HH. Remineralization of demineralized enamel via calcium phosphate nanocomposite. J Dent Res, 2012, 91(10): 979-984.

[39] Ricci JL, Clark EA, Murriky A. Three-dimensional printing of bone repair and replacement materials: impact on craniofacial surgery. J Craniofac Surg, 2012, 23(1): 304-308.

[40] Pilliar RM, Kandel RA, Grynpas MD. Porous calcium polyphosphate as load-bearing bone substitutes: in vivo study. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater, 2013, 101(1): 1-8.

[41] Shanjani Y, Hu Y, Toyserkani E. Solid freeform fabrication of porous calcium polyphosphate structures for bone substitute applications: in vivo studies. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater, 2013, 101(6): 972-980.

[42] Xu HH, Moreau JL, Sun L. Nanocomposite containing amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles for caries inhibition. Dent Mater, 2011, 27(8): 762-769.

[43] Cheng L, Weir MD, Xu HH. Antibacterial and physical properties of calcium-phosphate and calcium-fluoride nanocomposites with chlorhexidine. Dent Mater, 2012, 28(5): 573-583.

[44] Gong SQ, Epasinghe DJ, Zhou B. Effect of water-aging on the antimicrobial activities of an ORMOSIL-containing orthodontic acrylic resin. Acta Biomater, 2013, 9(6): 6964-6973.

[45] Cheng YJ, Zeiger DN, Howarter JA. In situ formation of silver nanoparticles in photocrosslinking polymers. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater, 2011, 97(1): 124-131.

[46] McBain AJ. Chapter 4: In vitro biofilm models: an overview. Adv Appl Microbiol, 2009, 69: 99-132.

[47] Li F, Weir MD, Fouad AF. Effect of salivary pellicle on antibacterial activity of novel antibacterial dental adhesives using a dental plaque microcosm biofilm model. Dent Mater, 2014, 30(2): 182-191.

[48] Zhou H, Weir MD, Antonucci JM. Evaluation of three-dimensional biofilms on antibacterial bonding agents containing novel quaternary ammonium methacrylates. Int J Oral Sci, 2014, 6(2): 77-86.

[49] McBain AJ, Sissons C, Ledder RG. Development and characterization of a simple perfused oral microcosm. J Appl Microbiol, 2005, 98(3): 624-634.

[50] Shewmaker PL, Gertz RE Jr, Kim CY. Streptococcus salivarius meningitis case strain traced to oral flora of anesthesiologist. J Clin Microbiol, 2010, 48(7): 2589-2591.

[51] Lima JP, Sampaio de Melo MA, Borges FM. Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic antimicrobial therapy in an in situ model of dentine caries. Eur J Oral Sci, 2009, 117(5): 568-574.

[52] Rai M, Yadav A, Gade A. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnol Adv, 2009, 27(1): 76-83.

[53] Moreau JL, Sun L, Chow LC. Mechanical and acid neutralizing properties and bacteria inhibition of amorphous calcium phosphate dental nanocomposite. J Biomed Mater Res Part B Appl Biomater, 2011, 98(1): 80-88.

[54] Melo MA, Weir MD, Rodrigues LK. Novel calcium phosphate nanocomposite with caries-inhibition in a human in situ model. Dent Mater, 2013, 29(2): 231-240.

[55] Amer RS, Kolker JL. Restoration of root surface caries in vulnerable elderly patients: a review of the literature. Spec Care Dentist, 2013, 33(3): 141-149.

[56] Hoppenbrouwers PM, Driessens FC, Borggreven JM. The mineral solubility of human tooth roots. Arch Oral Biol, 1987, 32(5): 319-322.

[57] Griffin SO, Griffin PM, Swann JL. Estimating rates of new root caries in older adults. J Dent Res, 2004, 83(8): 634-638.

[58] Curzon ME, Preston AJ. Risk groups: nursing bottle caries/caries in the elderly. Caries Res, 2004, 38(Suppl 1): 24-33.

[59] Schätzle M, Land NP, Anerud A. The influence of margins of restorations of the periodontal tissues over 26 years. J Clin Periodontol, 2001, 28(1): 57-64.