Fibroblast growth factor 23 and bone mineralisation

Yu-Chen Guo , Quan Yuan

International Journal of Oral Science ›› 2015, Vol. 7 ›› Issue (1) : 8 -13.

PDF
International Journal of Oral Science ›› 2015, Vol. 7 ›› Issue (1) : 8 -13. DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2015.1
Article

Fibroblast growth factor 23 and bone mineralisation

Author information +
History +
PDF

Abstract

A hormone secreted by bone-forming cells may play a critical role in the bone disorders in kidney disease. In their review Quan Yan, from the West China Hospital of Stomatology in Chengdu, and colleagues noted that levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) increase with a decline in kidney function. Elevated levels have been linked to end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease and death. The mechanisms underlying this association with poor outcomes could be explained by the hormone’s ability to increase inflammation. FGF-23 is also thought to play a critical role in mineral ion disorders and bone metabolism in these patients. The authors suggest studying whether deactivating FGF-23 in kidney disease would halt bone damage without having other adverse effects on the body.

Keywords

bone mineralisation / chronic kidney disease / fibroblast growth factor 23

Cite this article

Download citation ▾
Yu-Chen Guo, Quan Yuan. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and bone mineralisation. International Journal of Oral Science, 2015, 7(1): 8-13 DOI:10.1038/ijos.2015.1

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

References

[1]

Shimada T, Kakitani M, Yamazaki Y. Targeted ablation of Fgf23 demonstrates an essential physiological role of FGF23 in phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. J Clin Invest, 2004, 113(4): 561-568.

[2]

Sitara D, Razzaque MS, Hesse M. Homozygous ablation of fibroblast growth factor-23 results in hyperphosphatemia and impaired skeletogenesis, and reverses hypophosphatemia in Phex-deficient mice. Matrix Biol, 2004, 23(7): 421-432.

[3]

Bergwitz C, Jüppner H. Regulation of phosphate homeostasis by PTH, vitamin D, and FGF23. Annu Rev Med, 2010, 61: 91-104.

[4]

ADHR Consortium Autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets is associated with mutations in FGF23. Nat Genet, 2000, 26(3): 345-348.

[5]

Shimada T, Mizutani S, Muto T. Cloning and characterization of FGF23 as a causative factor of tumor-induced osteomalacia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2001, 98(11): 6500-6505.

[6]

Fukumoto S, Yamashita T. FGF23 is a hormone-regulating phosphate metabolism–unique biological characteristics of FGF23. Bone, 2007, 40(5): 1190-1195.

[7]

Garringer HJ, Fisher C, Larsson TE. The role of mutant UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine-polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 in regulating serum intact fibroblast growth factor 23 and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein in heritable tumoral calcinosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2006, 91(10): 4037-4042.

[8]

Khosravi A, Cutler CM, Kelly MH. Determination of the elimination half-life of fibroblast growth factor-23. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007, 92(6): 2374-2377.

[9]

Takeuchi Y, Suzuki H, Ogura S. Venous sampling for fibroblast growth factor-23 confirms preoperative diagnosis of tumor-induced osteomalacia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2004, 89(8): 3979-3982.

[10]

Shimada T, Urakawa I, Yamazaki Y. FGF-23 transgenic mice demonstrate hypophosphatemic rickets with reduced expression of sodium phosphate cotransporter type IIa. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2004, 314(2): 409-414.

[11]

Shimada T, Hasegawa H, Yamazaki Y. FGF-23 is a potent regulator of vitamin D metabolism and phosphate homeostasis. J Bone Miner Res, 2004, 19(3): 429-435.

[12]

Weber TJ, Liu S, Indridason OS. Serum FGF23 levels in normal and disordered phosphorus homeostasis. J Bone Miner Res, 2003, 18(7): 1227-1234.

[13]

Belov AA, Mohammadi M. Molecular mechanisms of fibroblast growth factor signaling in physiology and pathology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 2013, 5(6): pii:a015958.

[14]

Coutts JC, Gallagher JT. Receptors for fibroblast growth factors. Immunol Cell Biol, 1995, 73(6): 584-589.

[15]

Ornitz DM, Xu J, Colvin JS. Receptor specificity of the fibroblast growth factor family. J Biol Chem, 1996, 271(25): 15292-15297.

[16]

Sleeman M, Fraser J, McDonald M. Identification of a new fibroblast growth factor receptor, FGFR5. Gene, 2001, 271(2): 171-182.

[17]

Kuro-o M, Matsumura Y, Aizawa H. Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing. Nature, 1997, 390(6655): 45-51.

[18]

Razzaque MS, Lanske B. Hypervitaminosis D and premature aging: lessons learned from Fgf23 and Klotho mutant mice. Trends Mol Med, 2006, 12(7): 298-305.

[19]

Urakawa I, Yamazaki Y, Shimada T. Klotho converts canonical FGF receptor into a specific receptor for FGF23. Nature, 2006, 444(7120): 770-774.

[20]

Kurosu H, Ogawa Y, Miyoshi M. Regulation of fibroblast growth factor-23 signaling by klotho. J Biol Chem, 2006, 281(10): 6120-6123.

[21]

Yoshiko Y, Wang H, Minamizaki T. Mineralized tissue cells are a principal source of FGF23. Bone, 2007, 40(6): 1565-1573.

[22]

Mirams M, Robinson BG, Mason RS. Bone as a source of FGF23: regulation by phosphate. Bone, 2004, 35(5): 1192-1199.

[23]

Riminucci M, Collins MT, Fedarko NS. FGF-23 in fibrous dysplasia of bone and its relationship to renal phosphate wasting. J Clin Invest, 2003, 112(5): 683-692.

[24]

Parfitt AM . The cellular basis of bone turnover and bone loss: a rebuttal of the osteocytic resorption—bone flow theory. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1977; (127): 236–247.

[25]

Feng JQ, Ward LM, Liu S. Loss of DMP1 causes rickets and osteomalacia and identifies a role for osteocytes in mineral metabolism. Nat Genet, 2006, 38(11): 1310-1315.

[26]

Liu S, Zhou J, Tang W. Pathogenic role of Fgf23 in Dmp1-null mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2008, 295(2): E254-E261.

[27]

Liu S, Rowe PS, Vierthaler L. Phosphorylated acidic serine-aspartate-rich MEPE-associated motif peptide from matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein inhibits phosphate regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X-chromosome enzyme activity. J Endocrinol, 2007, 192(1): 261-267.

[28]

Pereira RC, Juppner H, Azucena-Serrano CE. Patterns of FGF-23, DMP1, and MEPE expression in patients with chronic kidney disease. Bone, 2009, 45(6): 1161-1168.

[29]

A gene (PEX) with homologies to endopeptidases is mutated in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets The HYP Consortium. Nat Genet, 1995, 11(2): 130-136.

[30]

Thompson DL, Sabbagh Y, Tenenhouse HS. Ontogeny of Phex/PHEX protein expression in mouse embryo and subcellular localization in osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res, 2002, 17(2): 311-320.

[31]

Nampei A, Hashimoto J, Hayashida K. Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) is highly expressed in osteocytes in human bone. J Bone Miner Metab, 2004, 22(3): 176-184.

[32]

Rowe PS, Oudet CL, Francis F. Distribution of mutations in the PEX gene in families with X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets (HYP). Hum Mol Genet, 1997, 6(4): 539-549.

[33]

Strom TM, Francis F, Lorenz B. Pex gene deletions in Gy and Hyp mice provide mouse models for X-linked hypophosphatemia. Hum Mol Genet, 1997, 6(2): 165-171.

[34]

Gowen LC, Petersen DN, Mansolf AL. Targeted disruption of the osteoblast/osteocyte factor 45 gene (OF45) results in increased bone formation and bone mass. J Biol Chem, 2003, 278(3): 1998-2007.

[35]

Martin A, Liu S, David V. Bone proteins PHEX and DMP1 regulate fibroblastic growth factor Fgf23 expression in osteocytes through a common pathway involving FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling. FASEB J, 2011, 25(8): 2551-2562.

[36]

Liu S, Zhou J, Tang W. Pathogenic role of Fgf23 in Hyp mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2006, 291(1): E38-E49.

[37]

Woo SM, Rosser J, Dusevich V. Cell line IDG-SW3 replicates osteoblast-to-late-osteocyte differentiation in vitro and accelerates bone formation in vivo. J Bone Miner Res, 2011, 26(11): 2634-2646.

[38]

Lavi-Moshayoff V, Wasserman G, Meir T. PTH increases FGF23 gene expression and mediates the high-FGF23 levels of experimental kidney failure: a bone parathyroid feedback loop. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 2010, 299(4): F882-F889.

[39]

Stubbs JR, He N, Idiculla A. Longitudinal evaluation of FGF23 changes and mineral metabolism abnormalities in a mouse model of chronic kidney disease. J Bone Miner Res, 2012, 27(1): 38-46.

[40]

Huang XL, Jiang Y, Xia WB. FGF23 and Phosphate Wasting Disorders. Bone Res, 2013, 1(2): 120-132.

[41]

ADHR Consortium Autosomal dominant hypophosphataemic rickets is associated with mutations in FGF23. Nat Genet, 2000, 26(3): 345-348.

[42]

Nelson AE, Hogan JJ, Holm IA. Phosphate wasting in oncogenic osteomalacia: PHEX is normal and the tumor-derived factor has unique properties. Bone, 2001, 28(4): 430-439.

[43]

Quarles LD. Role of FGF23 in vitamin D and phosphate metabolism: implications in chronic kidney disease. Exp Cell Res, 2012, 318(9): 1040-1048.

[44]

Carpenter TO. The expanding family of hypophosphatemic syndromes. J Bone Miner Metab, 2012, 30(1): 1-9.

[45]

Chong WH, Molinolo AA, Chen CC. Tumor-induced osteomalacia. Endocr Relat Cancer, 2011, 18(3): R53-R77.

[46]

Owen C, Chen F, Flenniken AM. A novel Phex mutation in a new mouse model of hypophosphatemic rickets. J Cell Biochem, 2012, 113(7): 2432-2441.

[47]

Khaliq W, Cheripalli P, Tangella K. Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO): atypical presentation. South Med J, 2011, 104(5): 348-350.

[48]

van der Rest C, Cavalier E, Kaux JF. Tumor-induced osteomalacia: the tumor may stay hidden. Clin Biochem, 2011, 44(14/15): 1264-1266.

[49]

Larsson T, Yu X, Davis SI. A novel recessive mutation in fibroblast growth factor-23 causes familial tumoral calcinosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005, 90(4): 2424-2427.

[50]

Wang H, Yoshiko Y, Yamamoto R. Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 23 suppresses osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization in vitro. J Bone Miner Res, 2008, 23(6): 939-948.

[51]

Sitara D, Kim S, Razzaque MS. Genetic evidence of serum phosphate-independent functions of FGF-23 on bone. PLoS Genet, 2008, 4(8): e1000154.

[52]

Shalhoub V, Ward SC, Sun B. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and alpha-klotho stimulate osteoblastic MC3T3.E1 cell proliferation and inhibit mineralization. Calcif Tissue Int, 2011, 89(2): 140-150.

[53]

Sitara D, Razzaque MS, St-Arnaud R. Genetic ablation of vitamin D activation pathway reverses biochemical and skeletal anomalies in Fgf-23-null animals. Am J Pathol, 2006, 169(6): 2161-2170.

[54]

Razzaque MS, Sitara D, Taguchi T. Premature aging-like phenotype in fibroblast growth factor 23 null mice is a vitamin D-mediated process. FASEB J, 2006, 20(6): 720-722.

[55]

Yuan Q, Sato T, Densmore M. FGF-23/Klotho signaling is not essential for the phosphaturic and anabolic functions of PTH. J Bone Miner Res, 2011, 26(9): 2026-2035.

[56]

Yuan Q, Sitara D, Sato T. PTH ablation ameliorates the anomalies of Fgf23-deficient mice by suppressing the elevated vitamin D and calcium levels. Endocrinology, 2011, 152(11): 4053-4061.

[57]

Sodek J, Ganss B, McKee MD. Osteopontin. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 2000, 11(3): 279-303.

[58]

Yuan Q, Jiang Y, Zhao X. Increased osteopontin contributes to inhibition of bone mineralization in FGF23-deficient mice. J Bone Miner Res, 2014, 29(3): 693-704.

[59]

Urakawa I, Yamazaki Y, Shimada T. Klotho converts canonical FGF receptor into a specific receptor for FGF23. Nature, 2006, 444(7120): 770-774.

[60]

Kurosu H, Ogawa Y, Miyoshi M. Regulation of fibroblast growth factor-23 signaling by klotho. J Biol Chem, 2006, 281(10): 6120-6123.

[61]

Tomiyama K, Maeda R, Urakawa I. Relevant use of Klotho in FGF19 subfamily signaling system in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010, 107(4): 1666-1671.

[62]

Rhee Y, Bivi N, Farrow E. Parathyroid hormone receptor signaling in osteocytes increases the expression of fibroblast growth factor-23 in vitro and in vivo. Bone, 2011, 49(4): 636-643.

[63]

Yuan Q, Sato T, Densmore M. Deletion of PTH rescues skeletal abnormalities and high osteopontin levels in Klotho−/− mice. PLoS Genet, 2012, 8(5): e1002726.

[64]

Nakatani T, Sarraj B, Ohnishi M. In vivo genetic evidence for klotho-dependent, fibroblast growth factor 23 (Fgf23)-mediated regulation of systemic phosphate homeostasis. FASEB J, 2009, 23(2): 433-441.

[65]

Liu H, Fergusson MM, Castilho RM. Augmented Wnt signaling in a mammalian model of accelerated aging. Science, 2007, 317(5839): 803-806.

[66]

Brownstein CA, Zhang J, Stillman A. Increased bone volume and correction of HYP mouse hypophosphatemia in the Klotho/HYP mouse. Endocrinology, 2010, 151(2): 492-501.

[67]

Gutierrez O, Isakova T, Rhee E. Fibroblast growth factor-23 mitigates hyperphosphatemia but accentuates calcitriol deficiency in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2005, 16(7): 2205-2215.

[68]

Larsson T, Nisbeth U, Ljunggren O. Circulating concentration of FGF-23 increases as renal function declines in patients with chronic kidney disease, but does not change in response to variation in phosphate intake in healthy volunteers. Kidney Int, 2003, 64(6): 2272-2279.

[69]

Shigematsu T, Kazama JJ, Yamashita T. Possible involvement of circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism associated with renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis, 2004, 44(2): 250-256.

[70]

Komaba H, Fukagawa M. FGF23-parathyroid interaction: implications in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int, 2010, 77(4): 292-298.

[71]

Gutiérrez OM. Fibroblast growth factor 23, Klotho, and disordered mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease: unraveling the intricate tapestry of events and implications for therapy. J Ren Nutr, 2013, 23(3): 250-254.

[72]

Levin A, Bakris GL, Molitch M. Prevalence of abnormal serum vitamin D, PTH, calcium, and phosphorus in patients with chronic kidney disease: results of the study to evaluate early kidney disease. Kidney Int, 2007, 71(1): 31-38.

[73]

Ferrari SL, Bonjour JP, Rizzoli R. Fibroblast growth factor-23 relationship to dietary phosphate and renal phosphate handling in healthy young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005, 90(3): 1519-1524.

[74]

Burnett SM, Gunawardene SC, Bringhurst FR. Regulation of C-terminal and intact FGF-23 by dietary phosphate in men and women. J Bone Miner Res, 2006, 21(8): 1187-1196.

[75]

Nishida Y, Taketani Y, Yamanaka-Okumura H. Acute effect of oral phosphate loading on serum fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in healthy men. Kidney Int, 2006, 70(12): 2141-2147.

[76]

Ito N, Fukumoto S, Takeuchi Y. Effect of acute changes of serum phosphate on fibroblast growth factor (FGF)23 levels in humans. J Bone Miner Metab, 2007, 25(6): 419-422.

[77]

Urena Torres P, Friedlander G, de Vernejoul MC. Bone mass does not correlate with the serum fibroblast growth factor 23 in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int, 2008, 73(1): 102-107.

[78]

Bhan I, Shah A, Holmes J. Post-transplant hypophosphatemia: tertiary ‘Hyper-Phosphatoninism’. Kidney Int, 2006, 70(8): 1486-1494.

[79]

Evenepoel P, Naesens M, Claes K. Tertiary ‘hyperphosphatoninism’ accentuates hypophosphatemia and suppresses calcitriol levels in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant, 2007, 7(5): 1193-1200.

[80]

Koh N, Fujimori T, Nishiguchi S. Severely reduced production of klotho in human chronic renal failure kidney. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2001, 280(4): 1015-1020.

[81]

Gutiérrez OM, Mannstadt M, Isakova T. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and mortality among patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med, 2008, 359(6): 584-592.

[82]

Jean G, Terrat JC, Vanel T. High levels of serum fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 are associated with increased mortality in long haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2009, 24(9): 2792-2796.

[83]

Olauson H, Qureshi AR, Miyamoto T. Relation between serum fibroblast growth factor-23 level and mortality in incident dialysis patients: are gender and cardiovascular disease confounding the relationship. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2010, 25(9): 3033-3038.

[84]

Fukagawa M, Kazama JJ. With or without the kidney: the role of FGF23 in CKD. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2005, 20(7): 1295-1298.

[85]

Kazama JJ, Sato F, Omori K. Pretreatment serum FGF-23 levels predict the efficacy of calcitriol therapy in dialysis patients. Kidney Int, 2005, 67(3): 1120-1125.

[86]

Nakanishi S, Kazama JJ, Nii-Kono T. Serum fibroblast growth factor-23 levels predict the future refractory hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients. Kidney Int, 2005, 67(3): 1171-1178.

[87]

Nishi H, Nii-Kono T, Nakanishi S. Intravenous calcitriol therapy increases serum concentrations of fibroblast growth factor-23 in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephron Clin Pract, 2005, 101(2): c94-c99.

[88]

Wesseling-Perry K, Pereira RC, Sahney S. Calcitriol and doxercalciferol are equivalent in controlling bone turnover, suppressing parathyroid hormone, and increasing fibroblast growth factor-23 in secondary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int, 2011, 79(1): 112-119.

[89]

Hansen D, Rasmussen K, Pedersen SM. Changes in fibroblast growth factor 23 during treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism with alfacalcidol or paricalcitol. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2012, 27(6): 2263-2269.

[90]

Wetmore JB, Liu S, Krebill R. Effects of cinacalcet and concurrent low-dose vitamin D on FGF23 levels in ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2010, 5(1): 110-116.

[91]

Koizumi M, Komaba H, Nakanishi S. Cinacalcet treatment and serum FGF23 levels in haemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2012, 27(2): 784-790.

[92]

Koiwa F, Kazama JJ, Tokumoto A. Sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium bicarbonate reduce serum fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in dialysis patients. Ther Apher Dial, 2005, 9(4): 336-339.

[93]

Sato T, Tominaga Y, Ueki T. Total parathyroidectomy reduces elevated circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 in advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism. Am J Kidney Dis, 2004, 44(3): 481-487.

[94]

Shigematsu T, Negi S COLC Research Group Combined therapy with lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate for hyperphosphatemia decreases serum FGF-23 level independently of calcium and PTH (COLC Study). Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2012, 27(3): 1050-1054.

[95]

Takeda Y, Komaba H, Goto S. Effect of intravenous saccharated ferric oxide on serum FGF23 and mineral metabolism in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol, 2011, 33(5): 421-426.

[96]

López I, Rodríguez-Ortiz ME, Almadén Y. Direct and indirect effects of parathyroid hormone on circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 in vivo. Kidney Int, 2011, 80(5): 475-482.

[97]

Liu S, Tang W, Zhou J et al. Fibroblast growth factor 23 is a counter-regulatory phosphaturic hormone for vitamin D. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17 (5): 1305–1315.

[98]

Jüppner H, Wolf M, Salusky IB. FGF-23: more than a regulator of renal phosphate handling. J Bone Miner Res, 2010, 25(10): 2091-2097.

[99]

Wolf M, Molnar MZ, Amaral AP. Elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 is a risk factor for kidney transplant loss and mortality. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2011, 22(5): 956-966.

[100]

Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD, Humphreys MH. Comparing outcome predictability of markers of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2004, 19(6): 1507-1519.

[101]

Stenvinkel P, Lindholm B, Heimbürger M. Elevated serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules predict death in pre-dialysis patients: association with malnutrition, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2000, 15(10): 1624-1630.

[102]

Dai B, David V, Martin A. A comparative transcriptome analysis identifying FGF23 regulated genes in the kidney of a mouse CKD model. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(9): e44161.

[103]

Faul C, Amaral AP, Oskouei B. FGF23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Invest, 2011, 121(11): 4393-4408.

[104]

Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Vitamin D receptor activation and survival in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int, 2008, 73(12): 1355-1363.

[105]

Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med, 2008, 168(15): 1629-1637.

[106]

Mehrotra R, Kermah DA, Salusky IB. Chronic kidney disease, hypovitaminosis D, and mortality in the United States. Kidney Int, 2009, 76(9): 977-983.

[107]

Wolf M, Shah A, Gutierrez O. Vitamin D levels and early mortality among incident hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int, 2007, 72(8): 1004-1013.

[108]

Wesseling-Perry K, Pereira RC, Wang H. Relationship between plasma fibroblast growth factor-23 concentration and bone mineralization in children with renal failure on peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2009, 94(2): 511-517.

[109]

Lu Y, Ye L, Yu S. Rescue of odontogenesis in Dmp1-deficient mice by targeted re-expression of DMP1 reveals roles for DMP1 in early odontogenesis and dentin apposition in vivo. Dev Biol, 2007, 303(1): 191-201.

[110]

Lu Y, Liu S, Xie Y. Use of the transgenic approach to determine the role of DMP1 in phosphate regulation. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 2007, 7(4): 309.

[111]

Shalhoub V, Shatzen EM, Ward SC. FGF23 neutralization improves chronic kidney disease-associated hyperparathyroidism yet increases mortality. J Clin Invest, 2012, 122(7): 2543-2553.

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF

156

Accesses

0

Citation

Detail

Sections
Recommended

AI思维导图

/