The effect of manganese sulfide (MnS) inclusions and gadolinium–sulfide (Gd–S) inclusions on the deformation behavior of steel matrix at different stages was studied by in-situ tensile experiments using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at room temperature. Two in-situ tensile experiments of tensile force along the elongation direction of inclusions and perpendicular to the elongation direction were conducted. The hole-induced nucleation mechanism of different tensile directions and inclusion types during the tensile deformation process was revealed. When the tensile direction of the steel without Gd was parallel to the forging elongation direction, the tensile strength was 454 MPa. Meanwhile, long strip MnS inclusions were broken and shed, forming long strip holes perpendicular to the fracture direction. When the tensile direction was perpendicular to the forging elongation direction, the gap between long strip MnS inclusions and the steel matrix was expanded into a long strip hole parallel to the fracture direction, and the tensile strength was 402 MPa. Anisotropy of the steel was induced by long strip MnS inclusions. In the steel with a total gadolinium (T.Gd) content of 730 ppm, the tensile strength was 468 MPa when the tensile direction was parallel to the forging elongation direction. The tensile strength of the steel was 446 MPa when the tensile direction was perpendicular to the forging elongation direction. The addition of Gd in the steel was beneficial to improve the tensile properties of the steel and reduce the anisotropy of the steel.
| [1] |
Hu B, Sui H, Wen QH, Wang Z, Gramlich A, Luo HW. Review on the plastic instability of medium-Mn steels for identifying the formation mechanisms of Lüders and Portevin–Le Chatelier bands. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater.. 2024, 3161285.
|
| [2] |
Q.R. Tian, N.F. Liu, W. Shen, X.Y. Xu, and J.X. Fu, Morphological differences of MnS inclusions in medium-carbon steel with different manganese and sulfur contents, Steel Res. Int., 94(2023), No. 9, art. No. 2300074.
|
| [3] |
Zhou QL, Yang W, Ren Y, Zhang LF. On the microstructure and MnS precipitation in a high sulfur steel based on directional solidification: The effect of cooling rate. Metall. Mater. Trans. B. 2024, 551337.
|
| [4] |
Hosseini SB, Temmel C, Karlsson B, Ingesten NG. An in-situ scanning electron microscopy study of the bonding between MnS inclusions and the matrix during tensile deformation of hot-rolled steels. Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 2007, 385982.
|
| [5] |
Huang Q, Ren Y, Luo Y, Ji S, Zhang LF. Deformation of MnS–MnTe inclusions in a sulfur-containing free-cutting steel with tellurium treatment. Metall. Mater. Trans. B. 2023, 541370.
|
| [6] |
Zhan TY, Tian J, Li XLet al. . Effects of Mg–Ca treatment and Ca treatment on impact toughness and morphology of sulfides in 45MnVS non-quenched and tempered steel. J. Iron Steel Res. Int.. 2024, 31112755.
|
| [7] |
Xia XQ, Zhang JS, Zou YM. An investigation on the machinability of newly developed low-carbon sulphurised free-cutting steels. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part B. 2016, 23091592.
|
| [8] |
de Oliveira Filho MF, Caradec PDB, Calsaverini R, Spinelli JE, Ishikawa TT. Neural network for classification of MnS microinclusions in steels. J. Mater. Res. Technol.. 2023, 248522.
|
| [9] |
Wang XX, Huang QS. Quickly obtaining densely dispersed coherent particles in steel matrix and its related mechanical property. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater.. 2025, 321111.
|
| [10] |
Kang H, Farhan M, Park S, Cai L, Gomez-Flores A, Kim H. Chelating extraction of critical metals from cathode of end-of-life lithium titanium oxide batteries: Experiments, machine learning and validation. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater.. 2025, 32122958.
|
| [11] |
Y. Song, H.N. Zhang, and L. Ren, A review of research on MnS inclusions in high-quality steel, Eng. Rep., 6(2024), No. 5, art. No. e12892.
|
| [12] |
Liu NF, Tian QR, Wang ZF, Xu XY, Fu JX. Modification of MnS inclusion with trace tellurium to improve the machinability of medium-carbon low-sulfur steel. Ironmaking Steelmaking. 2023, 5091302.
|
| [13] |
Yang HX, Ren Y, Wang JS, Zhang LF. In-situ observation of precipitation and growth of MnS inclusions during solidification of a high sulfur steel. ISIJ Int.. 2024, 64142020.
|
| [14] |
Yu J, Geng YX, Chen YKet al. . High-strength and thermally stable TiB2-modified Al–Mn–Mg–Er–Zr alloy fabricated via selective laser melting. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater.. 2024, 31102221.
|
| [15] |
C. Wang, X.G. Liu, J.T. Gui, Z.L. Du, Z.F. Xu, and B.F. Guo, Effect of MnS inclusions on plastic deformation and fracture behavior of the steel matrix at high temperature, Vacuum, 174(2020), art. No. 109209.
|
| [16] |
Liu JY, Liu CS, Wang Yet al. . Estimation of probable maximum aspect ratio of MnS inclusions in non-quenched and tempered steel after isothermal compression. J. Iron Steel Res. Int.. 2024, 31112788.
|
| [17] |
Xu H, Zhou LJ, Wang WL, Yi Y. A simple route for preparation of TRIP-assisted Si–Mn steel with excellent performance using direct strip casting. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater.. 2024, 31102173.
|
| [18] |
H. Wang, Y.P. Bao, C.Y. Duan, L. Lu, Y. Liu, and Q. Zhang, Effect of rare earth Ce on deep stamping properties of high-strength interstitial-free steel containing phosphorus, Materials, 13(2020), No. 6, art. No. 1473.
|
| [19] |
Qiu GX, Du Q, Lu F, Miao DJ, Yang YK, Li XM. Review on regulation of MnS in non-quenched and tempered steel. J. Iron Steel Res. Int.. 2024, 314779.
|
| [20] |
Choi N, Lim KR, Na YS, Glatzel U, Park JH. Characterization of non-metallic inclusions and their influence on the mechanical properties of a FCC single-phase high-entropy alloy. J. Alloy. Compd.. 2018, 763546.
|
| [21] |
X.Y. Gao, Y.X. Jiao, T.H. Zhu, Y.Q. Li, and L.F. Zhang, Effect of Ti treatment on MnS inclusion and mechanical property of a high-strength sulfur-containing steel, Steel Res. Int., 96(2025), No. 7, art. No. 2400776.
|
| [22] |
J. Guo, W.S. Yang, X. Shi, et al., Effect of sulfur content on the properties and MnS morphologies of DH36 structural steel, Metals, 8(2018), No. 11, art. No. 945.
|
| [23] |
B. Arh, F. Tehovnik, F. Vode, and B. Podgornik, Effect of Ti and S content on the properties and machinability of low-carbon ferritic–pearlitic steel, Metals, 14(2024), No. 9, art. No. 977.
|
| [24] |
Wu M, Fang W, Chen RMet al. . Mechanical anisotropy and local ductility in transverse tensile deformation in hot rolled steels: The role of MnS inclusions. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2019, 744324.
|
| [25] |
Temmel C, Ingesten NG, Karlsson B. Fatigue anisotropy in cross-rolled, hardened medium carbon steel resulting from MnS inclusions. Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 2006, 37102995.
|
| [26] |
Maciejewski J. The effects of sulfide inclusions on mechanical properties and failures of steel components. J. Fail. Anal. Prev.. 2015, 152169.
|
| [27] |
H.A. Tinoco, S. Fintova, I. Heikkila, et al., Experimental and numerical study of micromechanical damage induced by MnS-based inclusions, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 856(2022), art. No. 144009.
|
| [28] |
S. Guo, H.Y. Zhu, J. Zhou, M.M. Song, and S. Dong, An in situ scanning electron microscope study of void formation induced by typical inclusions in low-density steel during tensile deformation, Steel Res. Int., 93(2022), No. 11, art. No. 2200388.
|
| [29] |
Liu XG, Wang C, Gui JT, Xiao QQ, Guo BF. Effect of MnS inclusions on deformation behavior of matrix based on in-situ experiment. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2019, 746239.
|
| [30] |
Luo DQ, Yu YH, Zhang ZM, Sun LF, Feng XM, Lai CB. Development of high impact toughness offshore engineering steel by yttrium-based rare earth addition. Ironmaking Steelmaking. 2021, 48101247.
|
| [31] |
K. Dai, Z.G. Wang, J.G. He, et al., Nonmetallic inclusion characterizations and effects on impact toughness anisotropy of TWIP steel with different Ce additions, Mater. Today Commun., 35(2023), art. No. 106270.
|
| [32] |
F.J. Lan, C.L. Zhuang, C.R. Li, et al., Effect of rare-earth cerium on nonmetallic inclusions in Fe–Mn–C–Al twinning-induced plasticity steel, Steel Res. Int., 94(2023), No. 1, art. No. 2200421.
|
| [33] |
Shi LQ, Chen JZ, Northwood DO. Inclusion control in a 16 Mn steel using a combined rare earth and calcium treatment. J. Mater. Eng.. 1991, 134273.
|
| [34] |
Gao XY, Wei H, Zhang LF. Effect of oxide inclusions on MnS precipitates and tensile mechanical property of high-strength low-alloy steel. J. Iron Steel Res. Int.. 2024, 3151210.
|
| [35] |
Xu XY, Zhang L, Wang ZF, Tian QR, Fu JX, Wang XM. Critical precipitation behavior of MnTe inclusions in resulfurized steels during solidification. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater.. 2024, 3181849.
|
| [36] |
Li YS, Dong YW, Jiang ZH, Tang QF, Du SY, Hou ZW. Influence of rare earth Ce on hot deformation behavior of as-cast Mn18Cr18N high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater.. 2023, 302324.
|
| [37] |
Liu JH, Wang L, Liu Y, Song X, Luo J, Yuan D. Fracture toughness and fracture behavior of SA508-III steel at different temperatures. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater.. 2014, 21121187.
|
| [38] |
C. Zhang, R.H. Ya, M. Sun, et al., In-situ EBSD study of deformation behavior of nickel-based superalloys during uniaxial tensile tests, Mater. Today Commun., 35(2023), art. No. 105522.
|
| [39] |
Kakimoto R, Koyama M, Tsuzaki K. EBSD- and ECCI-based assessments of inhomogeneous plastic strain evolution coupled with digital image correlation. ISIJ Int.. 2019, 59122334.
|
| [40] |
Q. Liu, L.M. Fang, Z.W. Xiong, et al., The response of dislocations, low angle grain boundaries and high angle grain boundaries at high strain rates, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 822(2021), art. No. 141704.
|
| [41] |
Laureys A, Depover T, Petrov R, Verbeken K. Microstructural characterization of hydrogen induced cracking in TRIP-assisted steel by EBSD. Mater. Charact.. 2016, 112169.
|
| [42] |
Jeong CU, Choi J, Park H, Han JH. Effects of pre-deformation mode on non-homogeneity of plastic deformation and mechanical properties in Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy. J. Mater. Res. Technol.. 2024, 312376.
|
RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS
University of Science and Technology Beijing
PDF
