Comparison of the interface reaction behaviors of CaO-V₂O₅ and MnO₂-V₂O₅ solid-state systems based on the diffusion couple method

Abstract

The formation mechanism of calcium vanadate and manganese vanadate and the difference between calcium and manganese in the reaction with vanadium are basic issues in the calcification roasting and manganese roasting process with vanadium slag. In this work, CaO-V₂O₅ and MnO₂-V₂O₅ diffusion couples were prepared and roasted for different time periods to illustrate and compare the diffusion reaction mechanisms. Then, the changes in the diffusion product and diffusion coefficient were investigated and calculated based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Results show that with the extension of the roasting time, the diffusion reaction gradually proceeds among the CaO-V₂O₅ and MnO₂-V₂O₅ diffusion couples. The regional boundaries of calcium and vanadium are easily identifiable for the CaO-V₂O₅ diffusion couple. Meanwhile, for the MnO₂-V₂O₅ diffusion couple, MnO₂ gradually decomposes to form Mn₂O₃, and vanadium diffuses into the interior of Mn₂O₃. Only a part of vanadium combines with manganese to form the diffusion production layer. CaV₂O₆ and MnV₂O₆ are the interfacial reaction products of the CaO-V₂O₅ and MnO₂-V₂O₅ diffusion couples, respectively, whose thicknesses are 39.85 and 32.13 µm when roasted for 16 h. After 16 h, both diffusion couples reach the reaction equilibrium due to the limitation of diffusion. The diffusion coefficient of the CaO-V₂O₅ diffusion couple is higher than that of the MnO₂-V₂O₅ diffusion couple for the same roasting time, and the diffusion reaction between vanadium and calcium is easier than that between vanadium and manganese.

Keywords

solid-state reaction / reaction regularity of calcium and vanadium / reaction regularity of manganese and vanadium / diffusion couple method / interface reaction behavior

References

[1] Moskalyk RR, Alfantazi AM. Processing of vanadium: A review. Miner. Eng., 2003, 16(9): 793.

[2] X.M. Xu, F.Y. Xiong, J.S. Meng, et al., Vanadium-based nano-materials: A promising family for emerging metal-ion batteries, Adv. Funct. Mater., 30(2020), No. 10, art. No. 1904398.

[3] Shen PW, Che YX, Luo HJ, Gu YD. Inorganic Chemistry Books, 2008, Beijing, Science Press.

[4] Yang SZ. Vanadium Metallurgy, 2010, Beijing, Metallurgical Industry Press.

[5] Zhang YM, Bao SX, Liu T, Chen TJ, Huang J. The technology of extracting vanadium from stone coal in China: History, current status and future prospects. Hydrometallurgy, 2011, 109(1–2): 116.

[6] Fan YN, Ma F, Liang JS, et al. Accelerated polysulfide conversion on hierarchical porous vanadium—nitrogen—carbon for advanced lithium-sulfur batteries. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(2): 584.

[7] J.M. Zhu, P. Zhao, M.H. Jing, H.J. Wu, and J.J. Li, Preparation of vanadium—nitrogen alloy at low temperature by a coupled electric and thermal field, Vacuum, 195(2022), art. No. 110644.

[8] Shi Y, Eze CK, Xiong BY, et al. Recent development of membrane for vanadium redox flow battery applications: A review. Appl. Energy, 2019, 238, 202.

[9] Jiang YQ, Du MC, Cheng G, et al. Nanostructured N-doped carbon materials derived from expandable biomass with superior electrocatalytic performance towards V²⁺/V³⁺ redox reaction for vanadium redox flow battery. J. Energy Chem., 2021, 59, 706.

[10] K. Lourenssen, J. Williams, F. Ahmadpour, R. Clemmer, and S. Tasnim, Vanadium redox flow batteries: A comprehensive review, J. Energy Storage, 25(2019), art. No. 100844.

[11] Lv YR, Han C, Zhu Y, et al. Recent advances in metals and metal oxides as catalysts for vanadium redox flow battery: Properties, structures, and perspectives. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2021, 75, 96.

[12] Xiang JY, Huang QY, Lv XW, Bai CG. Multistage utilization process for the gradient-recovery of V, Fe, and Ti from vanadium-bearing converter slag. J. Hazard. Mater., 2017, 336, 1.

[13] Li M, Zheng SL, Liu B, et al. A clean and efficient method for recovery of vanadium from vanadium slag: Nonsalt roasting and ammonium carbonate leaching processes. Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev., 2017, 38(4): 228.

[14] Gao HY, Jiang T, Xu YZ, Wen J, Xue XX. Change in phase, microstructure, and physical-chemistry properties of high chromium vanadium slag during microwave calcification-roasting process. Powder Technol., 2018, 340, 520.

[15] Dong ZH, Zhang J, Yan BJ. A new approach for the comprehensive utilization of vanadium slag. Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2022, 53(4): 2198.

[16] Guo Y, Li HY, Yuan YH, et al. Microemulsion leaching of vanadium from sodium-roasted vanadium slag by fusion of leaching and extraction processes. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2021, 28(6): 974.

[17] Lee JC, Kurniawan Kim EY, Chung KW, Kim R, Jeon HS. A review on the metallurgical recycling of vanadium from slags: Towards a sustainable vanadium production. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2021, 12, 343.

[18] Li HY, Wang CJ, Lin MM, Guo Y, Xie B. Green one-step roasting method for efficient extraction of vanadium and chromium from vanadium—chromium slag. Powder Technol., 2020, 360, 503.

[19] Y. Guo, H.Y. Li, S. Shen, C.J. Wang, J. Diao, and B. Xie, Recovery of vanadium from vanadium slag with high phosphorus content via recyclable microemulsion extraction, Hydrometallurgy, 198(2020), art. No. 105509.

[20] Xiang JY, Wang X, Pei GS, Huang QY, Lü XW. Solid-state reaction of a CaO-V₂O₅ mixture: A fundamental study for the vanadium extraction process. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2021, 28(9): 1462.

[21] Li M, Liu B, Zheng SL, et al. A cleaner vanadium extraction method featuring non-salt roasting and ammonium bicarbonate leaching. J. Cleaner Prod., 2017, 149, 206.

[22] S.Y. Liu, X.B. He, Y.D. Wang, and L.J. Wang, Cleaner and effective extraction and separation of iron from vanadium slag by carbothermic reduction-chlorination-molten salt electrolysis, J. Cleaner Prod., 284(2021), art. No. 124674.

[23] Cao P. Research on vanadium slag roasted with calcium salt. Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium, 2012, 33(1): 30.

[24] Xiang JY, Huang QY, Lv XW, Bai CG. Extraction of vanadium from converter slag by two-step sulfuric acid leaching process. J. Cleaner Prod., 2018, 170, 1089.

[25] Wen J, Jiang T, Xu YZ, Cao J, Xue XX. Efficient extraction and separation of vanadium and chromium in high chromium vanadium slag by sodium salt roasting—(NH₄)₂SO₄ leaching. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2019, 71, 327.

[26] Brief Introduction of Xichang Steel Vanadium Co., Ltd. of Panzhihua Iron and Steel Group [2022-06-30], https://www.pzhsteel.com.cn/xcgf/index.php?s=/Home/Article/pg_jianjie/art_bm_id/89/fl/two/msg_id/156.

[27] Wen J, Jiang T, Zhou M, Gao HY, Liu JY, Xue XX. Roasting and leaching behaviors of vanadium and chromium in calcification roasting-acid leaching of high-chromium vanadium slag. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2018, 25(5): 515.

[28] Yu TX, Jiang T, Wen J, Sun HY, Li M, Peng Y. Effect of chemical composition on the element distribution, phase composition and calcification roasting process of vanadium slag. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2022, 29(12): 2144.

[29] Wen J, Jiang T, Sun HY, Yu TX. Novel understanding of simultaneous extraction of vanadium and manganese from vanadium slag and low-grade pyrolusite based on selective oxidation—reduction roasting. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2020, 8(15): 5927.

[30] J. Wen, T. Jiang, J.P. Wang, H.Y. Gao, and L.G. Lu, An efficient utilization of high chromium vanadium slag: Extraction of vanadium based on manganese carbonate roasting and detoxification processing of chromium-containing tailings, J. Hazard. Mater., 378(2019), art. No. 120733.

[31] J. Wen, T. Jiang, J.P. Wang, L.G. Lu, and H.Y. Sun, Cleaner extraction of vanadium from vanadium-chromium slag based on MnO₂ roasting and manganese recycle, J. Cleaner Prod., 261(2020), art. No. 121205.

[32] H.R. Yue and X.X. Xue, Generated compounds at the V-slag/CaO diffusion surface and diffusion characteristics of V and Ca in calcium vanadate, J. Hazard. Mater., 393(2020), art. No. 122368.

[33] Yue HR, Xue XX. Evolution of generated calcium vanadates at different locations in the vicinity of the V₂O₅/CaO interface with annealing parameters. Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2020, 51(5): 2358.

[34] Chen BJ, Zhou M, Jiang T, Li L. Observation of diffusion behavior between Cr₂O₃ and calcium ferrite based on diffusion couple method at 1373 K. J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 802, 103.

[35] B.J. Chen, T. Jiang, M. Zhou, L. Li, J. Wen, and Y.C. Wen, Interdiffusion kinetics and solid-state reaction mechanism between Cr₂O₃ and calcium ferrite based on diffusion couple method, J. Alloys Compd., 865(2021), art. No. 158754.

[36] Ren ZS, Hu XJ, Xue XX, Chou K. Solid state reaction studies in Fe₃O₄-TiO₂ system by diffusion couple method. J. Alloys Compd., 2013, 580, 182.

[37] Zhang JH, Zhang W, Zhang L, Gu SQ. Mechanism of vanadium slag roasting with calcium oxide. Int. J. Miner. Process., 2015, 138, 20.

[38] Zhang JH, Zhang W, Xue ZL. Oxidation kinetics of vanadium slag roasting in the presence of calcium oxide. Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev., 2017, 38(5): 265.

[39] J. Wen, T. Jiang, X.L. Zheng, J.P. Wang, J. Cao, and M. Zhou, Efficient separation of chromium and vanadium by calcification roasting-sodium carbonate leaching from high chromium vanadium slag and V₂O₅ preparation, Sep. Purif. Technol., 230(2020), art. No. 115881.

[40] Sun HY. Study on Formation Mechanism of Calcium Vanadate/Chromate during Calcification Roasting Process of High-chromium Vanadium Slag, 2021, Shenyang, Northeastern University [Dissertation]

[41] Jin MF, Li GS, Chu MS, Shen FM. Diffusion between MgO and hematite during sintering. Iron Steel, 2008, 43(3): 10.

[42] Sun HY, Wen J, Chen BJ, Yu TX, Jiang T. Solid phase reaction and diffusion behavior of V₂O₅/Cr₂O₃-CaO system based on calcification roasting of chromium-containing vanadium slag. Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium, 2021, 42(3): 17.