Effect of graphene oxide on the corrosion, mechanical and biological properties of Mg-based nanocomposite

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the mechanical and corrosion behavior, antibacterial performance, and cell response of Mg—Zn—Mn (MZM) nanocomposite. MZM/GO nanocomposites with different amounts of GO (i.e., 0.5wt%, 1.0wt%, and 1.5wt%) were fabricated by the semi-powder metallurgy method. The influence of GO on the MZM nanocomposite was analyzed through the hardness, compressive, corrosion, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity tests. The experimental results showed that, with the increase in the amount of GO (0.5wt% and 1.5wt%), the hardness value, compressive strength, and antibacterial performance of the MZM nanocomposite increased, whereas the cell viability and osteogenesis level decreased after the addition of 1.5wt% GO. Moreover, the electrochemical examination results showed that the corrosion behavior of the MZM alloy was significantly enhanced after encapsulation in 0.5wt% GO. In summary, MZM nanocomposites reinforced with GO can be used for implant applications because of their antibacterial performance and mechanical property.

Keywords

magnesium-based nanocomposite / graphene oxide / powder metallurgy method / mechanical property / antibacterial activity / biocompatibility

References

[1] Sanchez AHM, Luthringer BJC, Feyerabend F, Willumeit R. Mg and Mg alloys: How comparable are in vitro and in vivo corrosion rates? A review. Acta Biomater., 2015, 13, 16.

[2] Xiong P, Jia ZJ, Li M, Zhou WH, Yan JL, Wu YH, Cheng Y, Zheng YF. Biomimetic Ca, Sr/P-doped silk fibroin films on Mg—1Ca alloy with dramatic corrosion resistance and osteogenic activities. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng., 2018, 4(9): 3163.

[3] Li N, Zheng YF. Novel magnesium alloys developed for biomedical application: A review. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2013, 29(6): 489.

[4] Chen YJ, Xu ZG, Smith C, Sankar J. Recent advances on the development of magnesium alloys for biodegradable implants. Acta Biomater., 2014, 10(11): 4561.

[5] Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Hamzah E, Yii SLJ, Mostafa A, Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi R, Medraj M. Characterisation and thermodynamic calculations of biodegradable Mg—2.2Zn—3.7Ce and Mg—Ca—2.2Zn—3.7Ce alloys. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2017, 33(11): 1333.

[6] Ali M, Hussein MA, Al-Aqeeli N. Magnesium-based composites and alloys for medical applications: A review of mechanical and corrosion properties. J. Alloys Compd., 2019, 792, 1162.

[7] Zheng YF, Gu XN, Witte F. Biodegradable metals. Mater. Sci. Eng. R, 2014, 77, 1.

[8] Koltygin AV, Bazhenov VE, Khasenova RS, Komissarov AA, Bazlov AI, Bautin VA. Effects of small additions of Zn on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of WE43B Mg alloys. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2019, 26(7): 858.

[9] Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Hamzah E, Ismail AF, Aziz M, Daroonparvar M, Parham S, Hadisi Z, Yajid MAM. Titania—carbon nanotubes nanocomposite coating on Mg alloy: Microstructural characterisation and mechanical properties. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2018, 34(4): 378.

[10] Song MS, Zeng RC, Ding YF, Li RW, Easton M, Cole I, Birbilis N, Chen XB. Recent advances in biodegradation controls over Mg alloys for bone fracture management: A review. J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2019, 35(4): 535.

[11] Wan DQ, Hu YL, Ye ST, Li ZM, Li LL, Huang Y. Effect of alloying elements on magnesium alloy damping capacities at room temperature. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2019, 26(6): 760.

[12] Zheng YF, Gu XN, Xi YL, Chai DL. In vitro degradation and cytotoxicity of Mg/Ca composites produced by powder metallurgy. Acta Biomater., 2010, 6(5): 1783.

[13] Lonardelli I, Bortolotti M, van Beek W, Girardini L, Zadra M, Bhadeshia HKDH. Powder metallurgical nanostructured medium carbon bainitic steel: Kinetics, structure, and in situ thermal stability studies. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2012, 555, 139.

[14] Lonardelli I, Girardini L, Maines L, Menapace C, Molinari A, Bhadeshia HKDH. Nanostructured bainitic steel obtained by powder metallurgy approach: Structure, transformation kinetics and mechanical properties. Powder Metall., 2012, 55(4): 256.

[15] Witte F. The history of biodegradable magnesium implants: A review. Acta Biomater., 2010, 6(5): 1680.

[16] Ma YZ, Yang CL, Liu YJ, Yuan FS, Liang SS, Li HX, Zhang JS. Microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of extruded low-alloyed Mg—xZn—0.2Ca alloys. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2019, 26(10): 1274.

[17] Song YY, Bhadeshia HKDH, Suh DW. Stability of stainless-steel nanoparticle and water mixtures. Powder Technol, 2015, 272, 34.

[18] M. Razzaghi, M. Kasiri-Asgarani, H.R. Bakhsheshi-Rad, and H. Ghayour, Microstructure, mechanical properties, and in-vitro biocompatibility of nano-NiTi reinforced Mg—3Zn—0.5Ag alloy: Prepared by mechanical alloying for implant applications, Composites Part B, 190(2020), art. No. 107947.

[19] Bakhsheshi-Rad HR, Abdul-Kadir MR, Idris MH, Farahany S. Relationship between the corrosion behavior and the thermal characteristics and microstructure of Mg—0.5Ca—xZn alloys. Corros. Sci., 2012, 64, 184.

[20] Khosravi M, Mansouri M, Gholami A, Yaghoubinezhad Y. Effect of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanosheets on the microstructure and mechanical properties of mild steel jointing by flux-cored arc welding. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2020, 27(4): 505.

[21] Liu C, Shen J, Yeung KWK, Tjong SC. Development and antibacterial performance of novel polylactic acid-graphene oxide-silver nanoparticle hybrid nanocomposite mats prepared by electrospinning. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng., 2017, 3(3): 471.

[22] Güler Ö, Bağcı N. A short review on mechanical properties of graphene reinforced metal matrix composites. J. Mater. Res. Technol., 2020, 9(3): 6808.

[23] Ramezanzade S, Ebrahimi GR, Parizi MT, Ezatpour HR. Microstructure and mechanical characterizations of graphene nanoplatelets-reinforced Mg—Sr—Ca alloy as a novel composite in structural and biomedical applications. J. Compos. Mater., 2020, 54(5): 711.

[24] Hegab HM, ElMekawy A, Zou L, Mulcahy D, Saint CP, Ginic-Markovic M. The controversial antibacterial activity of graphene-based materials. Carbon, 2016, 105, 362.

[25] Yuan QH, Zhou GH, Liao L, Liu Y, Luo L. Interfacial structure in AZ91 alloy composites reinforced by graphene nanosheets. Carbon, 2018, 127, 177.

[26] Rashad M, Pan FS, Asif M, Ullah A. Improved mechanical properties of magnesium—graphene composites with copper—graphene hybrids. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2015, 31(12): 1452.

[27] Su JL, Teng J, Xu ZL, Li Y. Biodegradable magnesium-matrix composites: A review. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2020, 27(6): 724.

[28] Du X, Du WB, Wang ZH, Liu K, Li SB. Ultra-high strengthening efficiency of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced magnesium matrix composites. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2018, 711, 633.

[29] Wang M, Zhao Y, Wang LD, Zhu YP, Wang XJ, Sheng J, Yang ZY, Shi HL, Shi ZD, Fei WD. Achieving high strength and ductility in graphene/magnesium composite via an in situ reaction wetting process. Carbon, 2018, 139, 954.

[30] Mohan VB, Lau KT, Hui D, Bhattacharyya D. Graphene-based materials and their composites: A review on production, applications and product limitations. Composites Part B, 2018, 142, 200.

[31] Pul M. Effect of sintering temperature on pore ratio and mechanical properties of composite structure in nano graphene reinforced ZA27 based composites. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2020, 27(2): 232.

[32] Rashad M, Pan FS, Hu HH, Asif M, Hussain S, She J. Enhanced tensile properties of magnesium composites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2015, 630, 36.

[33] Han W, Wu ZN, Li Y, Wang YY. Graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs)—Promising materials for antimicrobial coating and film: A review. Chem. Eng. J., 2019, 358, 1022.

[34] Tian WM, Li SM, Wang B, Chen X, Liu JH, Yu M. Graphene-reinforced aluminum matrix composites prepared by spark plasma sintering. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2016, 23(6): 723.

[35] Wu LQ, Wu RZ, Hou LG, Zhang JH, Zhang ML. Microstructure, mechanical properties and wear performance of AZ31 matrix composites reinforced by graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). J. Alloys Compd., 2018, 750, 530.

[36] Shuai CJ, Wang B, Yang YW, Peng SP, Gao CD. 3D honeycomb nanostructure-encapsulated magnesium alloys with superior corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Composites Part B, 2019, 162, 611.

[37] K.S. Munir, C.E. Wen, and Y.C. Li, Carbon nanotubes and graphene as nanoreinforcements in metallic biomaterials: A review, Adv. Biosyst., 3(2019), No. 3, art. No. 1800212.

[38] Gao CD, Feng P, Peng SP, Shuai CJ. Carbon nanotube, graphene and boron nitride nanotube reinforced bioactive ceramics for bone repair. Acta Biomater., 2017, 61, 1.

[39] Samadpour F, Faraji G, Siahsarani A. Processing of AM60 magnesium alloy by hydrostatic cyclic expansion extrusion at elevated temperature as a new severe plastic deformation method. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2020, 27(5): 669.

[40] Shuai CJ, Guo W, Wu P, Yang WJ, Hu S, Xia Y, Feng P. A graphene oxide—Ag co-dispersing nanosystem: Dual synergistic effects on antibacterial activities and mechanical properties of polymer scaffolds. Chem. Eng. J., 2018, 347, 322.

[41] Zou XF, Zhang L, Wang ZJ, Luo Y. Mechanisms of the antimicrobial activities of graphene materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2016, 138(7): 2064.

[42] Zhang B, Wei P, Zhou ZX, Wei TT. Interactions of graphene with mammalian cells: Molecular mechanisms and biomedical insights. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 2016, 105, 145.

[43] Guo CX, Zheng XT, Lu ZS, Lou XW, Li CM. Biointerface by cell growth on layered graphene—artificial peroxidase—protein nanostructure for in situ quantitative molecular detection. Adv. Mater., 2010, 22(45): 5164.

[44] Guler O, Say Y, Dikici B. The effect of graphene nanosheet (GNS) weight percentage on mechanical and corrosion properties of AZ61 and AZ91 based magnesium matrix composites. J. Compos. Mater., 2020, 54(28): 4473.

[45] Turan ME, Sun Y, Aydin F, Zengin H, Turen Y, Ahlatci H. Effects of carbonaceous reinforcements on microstructure and corrosion properties of magnesium matrix composites. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2018, 218, 182.

[46] Y. Say, O. Guler, and B. Dikici, Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced magnesium matrix composites: The effect of CNT ratio on their mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 798(2020), art. No. 139636.

[47] Mei Y, Shao PZ, Sun M, Chen GQ, Hussain M, Huang FL, Zhang Q, Gao XS, Pei YY, Zhong SJ, Wu GH. Deformation treatment and microstructure of graphene-reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites: A review of graphene post-dispersion. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2020, 27(7): 888.

[48] Zeng X, Teng J, Yu JG, Tan AS, Fu DF, Zhang H. Fabrication of homogeneously dispersed graphene/Al composites by solution mixing and powder metallurgy. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2018, 25(1): 102.

[49] Xia HM, Zhang L, Zhu YC, Li N, Sun YQ, Zhang JD, Ma HZ. Mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced 7075 aluminum alloy composite fabricated by spark plasma sintering. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2020, 27(9): 1295.

[50] Chen PH, Zhang Y, Li RQ, Liu YX, Zeng SS. Influence of carbon-partitioning treatment on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of in situ VCp-reinforced Fe-matrix composite. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2020, 27(1): 100.

[51] Pal H, Sharma V. Mechanical, electrical, and thermal expansion properties of carbon nanotube-based silver and silver—palladium alloy composites. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2014, 21(11): 1132.

[52] Hou ZC, Xiong LQ, Liu YF, Zhu L, Li WZ. Preparation of super-aligned carbon nanotube-reinforced nickel-matrix laminar composites with excellent mechanical properties. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 2019, 26(1): 133.