Progress in developing self-consolidating concrete (SCC) constituting recycled concrete aggregates: A review

Abstract

Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) derived from demolition waste has been widely explored for use in civil engineering applications. One of the promising strategies globally is to incorporate RCA into concrete products. However, the use of RCA in high-performance concrete, such as self-consolidating concrete (SCC), has only been studied in the past decade. This paper summarizes recent publications on the use of coarse and/or fine RCA in SCC. As expected, the high-water absorption and porous structure of RCA have posed challenges in producing a high-fluidity mixture. According to an analysis of published data, a lower strength reduction (within 23% regardless of coarse RCA content) is observed in SCC compared with vibrated concrete, possibly due to the higher paste content in the SCC matrix, which enhances the weak surface layer of RCA and interfacial transition zone. Similarly, SCC tends to become less durable with RCA substitution although the deterioration can be minimized by using treated RCA through removing or strengthening the adhered mortar. To date, the information reported on the role of RCA in the long-term performance of SCC is still limited; thus, a wide range of research is needed to demonstrate the feasibility of RCA—SCC in field applications.

Keywords

self-consolidating concrete / construction and demolition waste / recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) / durability / property enhancement

References

[1] European Commission. Resource Efficient Use of Mixed Wastes, 2016, Brussels, European Commission

[2] Environmental Protenction Agency. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2015 Fact Sheet — Assessing Trends in Material Generation, Recycling, Composting, Combustion with Energy Recovery and Landfilling in the United States, 2018, USA, United States Environmental Protection Agency

[3] Huang BJ, Wang XY, Kua HW, Geng Y, Bleischwitz R, Ren JZ. Construction and demolition waste management in China through the 3R principle. Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 2018, 129, 36.

[4] Behera M, Bhattacharyya SK, Minocha AK, Deoliya R, Maiti S. Recycled aggregate from C&D waste its use in concrete — A breakthrough towards sustainability in construction sector: A review. Constr. Build. Mater., 2014, 68, 501.

[5] Duan HB, Wang JY, Huang QF. Encouraging the environmentally sound management of c&d waste in china: an integrative review and research agenda. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 2015, 43, 611.

[6] De Brito J, Ferreira J, Pacheco J, Soares D, Guerreiro M. Structural, material, mechanical and durability properties and behaviour of recycled aggregates concrete. J. Build. Eng., 2016, 6, 1.

[7] Etxeberria M, Vázquez E, Marí A, Barra M. Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cem. Concr. Res., 2007, 37(5): 735.

[8] Kou SC, Poon CS. Effect of the quality of parent concrete on the properties of high performance recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 2015, 77, 501.

[9] Akbarnezhad A, Ong KCG, Tam CT, Zhang MH. Effects of the parent concrete properties and crushing procedure on the properties of coarse recycled concrete aggregates. J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2013, 25(12): 1795.

[10] Geiker M. Mindess S. Self-compacting concrete (SCC). Developments in the Formulation and Reinforcement of Concrete, 2008, Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing

[11] Gaimster R, Dixon N. Newman J, Choo BS. Self-compacting concrete. Advanced Concrete Technology: Processes, 2003, Burlington, Butterworth-Heinemann

[12] W.C. Tang, P.C. Ryan, H.Z. Cui, and W. Liao, Properties of self-compacting concrete with recycled coarse aggregate, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., (2016), art. No. art. No. 2761294.

[13] Technical Committee RILEM. Final report of RILEM TC 205-DSC: durability of self-compacting concrete. Mater. Struct., 2008, 41, 225.

[14] Xiao JZ, Li WG, Fan YH, Huang X. An overview of study on recycled aggregate concrete in China (1996–2011). Constr. Build. Mater., 2012, 31, 364.

[15] Kou SC, Poon CS. Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with coarse and fine recycled concrete aggregates. Cem. Concr. Compos., 2009, 31, 622.

[16] Goncalves P, de Brito J. Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) — comparative analysis of existing specifications. Mag. Concr. Res., 2010, 62, 339.

[17] Silva RV, de Brito J, Dhir RK. Properties and composition of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste suitable for concrete production. Constr. Build. Mater., 2014, 65, 201.

[18] Silva RV, de Brito J, Dhir RK. The influence of the use of recycled aggregates on the compressive strength of concrete: A review. Eur. J. Environ. Civ. En., 2015, 19, 825.

[19] Silva RV, de Brito J, Dhir RK. Establishing a relationship between modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. J. Clean. Prod., 2016, 112, 2171.

[20] Singh RB, Kumar N, Singh B. Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on rheology of different grades of self-compacting concrete made with recycled aggregates. J. Adv. Concr. Technol., 2017, 15, 524.

[21] Tuyan M, Mardani-Aghabaglou A, Ramyar K. Freeze-thaw resistance, mechanical and transport properties of self-consolidating concrete incorporating coarse recycled concrete aggregate. Mater. Des., 2014, 53, 983.

[22] Modani PO, Mohitkar VM. Self-compacting concrete with recycled aggregate: A solution for sustainable development. Int. J. Civ. Struct. Eng., 2014, 4(3): 430.

[23] Kapoor K, Singh SP, Singh B. Durability of self-compacting concrete made with Recycled Concrete Aggregates and mineral admixtures. Constr. Build. Mater., 2016, 128, 67.

[24] Revathi P, Selvi RS, Velin SS. Investigations on fresh and hardened properties of recycled aggregate self compacting concrete. J. Inst. Eng. (India): Ser. A, 2013, 94, 179.

[25] Assaad JJ, Harb J. Formwork pressure of self-consolidating concrete containing recycled coarse aggregates. ACI Mater. J., 2017, 114(3): 491.

[26] Li Y, Wang RJ, Li SY, Zhao Y. Assessment of the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete incorporating carbonated coarse recycled concrete aggregates. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 2017, 125, 837.

[27] Rajhans P, Panda SK, Nayak S. Sustainable self compacting concrete from C&D waste by improving the microstructures of concrete ITZ. Constr. Build. Mater., 2018, 163, 557.

[28] Rajhans P, Panda SK, Nayak S. Sustainability on durability of self compacting concrete from C&D waste by improving porosity and hydrated compounds: A microstructural investigation. Constr. Build. Mater., 2018, 174, 559.

[29] Kapoor K, Singh SP, Singh B. Water permeation properties of self compacting concrete made with coarse and fine recycled concrete aggregates. Int. J. Civ. Eng., 2018, 16(1): 47.

[30] Velay-Lizancos M, Martinez-Lage I, Vazquez–Burgo P. The effect of recycled aggregates on the accuracy of the maturity method on vibrated and self-compacting concretes. Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng., 2019, 19, 311.

[31] González-Taboada I, González-Fonteboa B, Eiras-López J, Rojo-López G. Tools for the study of self-compacting recycled concrete fresh behaviour: Workability and rheology. J. Clean. Prod., 2017, 156, 1.

[32] González-Taboada I, González-Fonteboa B, Martínez-Abella F, Seara-Paz S. Analysis of rheological behaviour of self-compacting concrete made with recycled aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater., 2017, 157, 18.

[33] Güneyisi E, Gesoglu M, Algın Z, Yazıcı H. Rheological and fresh properties of self-compacting concretes containing coarse and fine recycled concrete aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater., 2016, 113, 622.

[34] Gesoglu M, Güneyisi E, Öz H, Taha I, Yasemin MT. Failure characteristics of self-compacting concretes made with recycled aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater., 2015, 98, 334.

[35] Vinay Kumar BM, Ananthan H, Balaji KVA. Experimental studies on utilization of coarse and finer fractions of recycled concrete aggregates in self compacting concrete mixes. J. Build. Eng., 2017, 9, 100.

[36] Kebaïli O, Mouret M, Arabi N, Cassagnabere F. Adverse effect of the mass substitution of natural aggregates by air-dried recycled concrete aggregates on the self-compacting ability of concrete: Evidence and analysis through an example. J. Clean. Prod., 2015, 87, 752.

[37] Grdic ZJ, Toplicic-Curcic GA, Despotovic IM, Ristic NS. Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with coarse recycled concrete aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater., 2010, 24, 1129.

[38] Carro-López D, González-Fonteboa B, de Brito J, Martínez-Abella F, González-Taboada I, Silva P. Study of the rheology of self-compacting concrete with fine recycled concrete aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater., 2015, 96, 491.

[39] Carro-López D, González-Fonteboa B, Martínez-Abella F, González-Taboada I, de Brito J, Varela-Puga F. Proportioning, Microstructure and fresh properties of self-compacting concrete with recycled sand. Procedia Eng., 2017, 171, 645.

[40] Pereira-de-Oliveira LA, Nepomuceno MCS, Castro–Gomes JP, Vila MFC. Permeability properties of self-compacting concrete with coarse recycled aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater., 2014, 51, 113.

[41] Singh N, Singh SP. Carbonation and electrical resistance of self compacting concrete made with recycled concrete aggregates and metakaolin. Constr. Build. Mater., 2016, 121, 400.

[42] Singh N, Singh S P. Carbonation resistance and microstructural analysis of low and high volume fly ash self compacting concrete containing recycled concrete aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater., 2016, 127, 828.

[43] Wang HL. Steel-concrete bond behaviour of self-compacting concrete with recycled aggregates. Mag. Concr. Res., 2016, 68, 678.

[44] Singh N, M M Arya S. Utilization of coal bottom ash in recycled concrete aggregates based self compacting concrete blended with metakaolin. Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 2019, 144, 240.

[45] Omrane M, Kenai S, Kadri EH, Aït-Mokhtar A. Performance and durability of self compacting concrete using recycled concrete aggregates and natural pozzolan. J. Clean. Prodi., 2017, 165, 415.

[46] Senas L, Priano C, Marfil S. Influence of recycled aggregates on properties of self-consolidating concretes. Constr. Build. Mater., 2016, 113, 498.

[47] Kisku N, Joshi H, Ansari M, Panda SK, Nayak S, Dutta SC. A critical review and assessment for usage of recycled aggregate as sustainable construction material. Constr. Build. Mater., 2017, 131, 721.

[48] Poon CS, Shui ZH, Lam L, Fok H, Kou SC. Influence of moisture states of natural and recycled aggregates on the slump and compressive strength of concrete. Cem. Concr. Res., 2004, 34, 31.

[49] EFNARC, Specification and Guidenlines for Self-Compacting Concrete, Farnham, 2002.

[50] Arabi N, Meftah H, Amara H, Kebaili O, Berredjem L. Valorization of recycled materials in development of self-compacting concrete: Mixing recycled concrete aggregates — windshield waste glass aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater., 2019, 209, 364.

[51] Hu J, Souza IL, Genarini FC. Engineering and environmental performance of eco-efficient self-consolidating concrete (Eco-SCC) with low powder content and recycled concrete aggregate. J. Sustainable Cem. BasedMater., 2017, 6, 2.

[52] Wallevik OH, Wallevik JE. Rheology as a tool in concrete science: The use of rheographs and workability boxes. Cem. Concr. Res., 2011, 41, 1279.

[53] Singh RB, Singh B. Rheological behaviour of different grades of self-compacting concrete containing recycled aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater., 2018, 161, 354.

[54] Matar P, Assaad JJ. Concurrent effects of recycled aggregates and polypropylene fibers on workability and key strength properties of self-consolidating concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 2019, 199, 492.

[55] González-Taboada I, González-Fonteboa B, Martínez-Abella F, Seara-Paz S. Thixotropy and interlayer bond strength of self-compacting recycled concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 2018, 161, 479.

[56] Khodair Y, Bommareddy B. Self-consolidating concrete using recycled concrete aggregate and high volume of fly ash and slag. Constr. Build. Mater., 2017, 153, 307.

[57] Khan RM, Amin F, Ahmad M. Comparison of self compacting concrete using recycled aggregates & normal aggregates. Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Eng., 2015, 4, 75.

[58] Tam VWY, Gao XF, Tam CM. Microstructural analysis of recycled aggregate concrete produced from two-stage mixing approach. Cem. Concr. Res., 2005, 35, 1195.

[59] Montero J, Laserna S. Influence of effective mixing water in recycled concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 2017, 132, 343.

[60] Eckert M, Oliveira M. Mitigation of the negative effects of recycled aggregate water absorption in concrete technology. Constr. Build. Mater., 2017, 133, 416.

[61] Nayak NV, Jain A K. Handbook on Advanced Concrete Technology, 2012, Oxford, Alpha Science International, Ltd.

[62] Santos SA, Da Silva PR, De Brito J. Mechanical performance evaluation of self-compacting concrete with fine and coarse recycled aggregates from the precast industry. Materials, 2017, 10, 904.

[63] Hu J, Wang Z, Kim Y. Feasibility study of using fine recycled concrete aggregate in producing self-consolidation concrete. J. Sustainable Cem. Based Mater., 2013, 2, 20.

[64] P.K. Mehta and P.J.M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.

[65] Beygi MHA, Kazemi MT, Nikbin IM, Amiri JV. The effect of water to cement ratio on fracture parameters and brit-tleness of self-compacting concrete. Mater. Des., 2013, 50, 267.

[66] Kapoor K, Singh SP, Singh B. Permeability of self-compacting concrete made with recycled concrete aggregates and metakaolin. J. Sustainable Cem. Based Mater., 2017, 6, 293.

[67] M. Gesoglu, E. Güneyisi, H.Ö. Öz, M.T. Yasemin, and I. Taha, Durability and shrinkage characteristics of self-compacting concretes containing recycled coarse and/or fine aggregates, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., (2015), art. No. 278296.

[68] Boudali S, Kerdal DE, Ayed K, Abdulsalam B, Soliman AM. Performance of self-compacting concrete incorporating recycled concrete fines and aggregate exposed to sulphate attack. Constr. Build. Mater., 2016, 124, 705.

[69] S.B. Huda and M. Shahria Alam, Mechanical and freeze-thaw durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete made with recycled coarse aggregate, J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 27(2015), art. No. 04015003.

[70] Güneyisi E, Gesoglu M, Algın Z, Yazıcı H. Effect of surface treatment methods on the properties of self-compacting concrete with recycled aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater., 2014, 64, 172.

[71] Çakır Ö. Experimental analysis of properties of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) concrete with mineral additives. Constr. Build. Mater., 2014, 68, 17.

[72] Dilbas H, Şimşek M, çakır Ö. An investigation on mechanical and physical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with and without silica fume. Constr. Build. Mater., 2014, 61, 50.

[73] Corinaldesi V, Moriconi G. Influence of mineral additions on the performance of 100% recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 2009, 23, 2869.

[74] Shi CJ, Li YK, Zhang JK, Li WG, Chong LL, Xie ZB. Performance enhancement of recycled concrete aggregate — A review. J. Clean. Prod., 2016, 112, 466.

[75] Tam VWY, Tam CM. Diversifying two-stage mixing approach (TSMA) for recycled aggregate concrete: TSMAs and TSMAsc. Constr. Build. Mater., 2008, 22, 2068.