Characterization and corrosion studies of ternary Zn−Ni−Sn alloys

Abstract

Nine distinct zinc-nickel-tin films with different compositions have been galvanostatically electrodeposited. The films have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). Their corrosion potentials and densities have been estimated using Tafel extrapolation. Next, the electrochemical behaviors of the films (deposited through the electrolytes containing 0, 6, 8, and 10 g/L SnCl₂∙6H₂O) have been examined based on cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. Further, these films have been immersed in 3.5wt% NaCl solution for 1 h, 1 d, 7 d, 14 d, 28 d, and 42 d followed by application of Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests on each aged sample. Finally, to analyze the morphologies and the compositions of the oxide films covering the surfaces of the 42-d aged films, FT-IR and SEM analyses have been performed. The results indicated that the Zn–Ni–Sn film produced through the bath including 6 g/L SnCl₂∙6H₂O exhibits superior corrosion resistance because of the high Ni content in the presence of Sn that promotes the barrier protection capability of the deposit.

Keywords

ternary alloys / corrosion / electro galvanizing / anomalous / deposition / Tafel

References

[1] Brenner [ A. Electrodeposition of Alloys, 1963, New York and London, Academic Press

[2] Fukushima [ H, Akiyama T, Yano M, Ishikawa T, Kammel R. Electrodeposition behavior of Zn-iron-group metal alloys from sulfate and chloride baths. ISIJ Int, 1993, 33, 1009.

[3] Lin [ YP, Selman JR. Electrodeposition of corrosion-resistant Ni-Zn alloy. J. Electrochem. Soc, 1993, 140, 1299.

[4] Roventi [ G, Bellezze T, Fratesi R. Electrochemical study on the inhibitory effect of the underpotential deposition of zinc on Zn-Co alloy electrodeposition. Eec trochim. Acta, 2006, 51, 2691

[5] Wu [ ZD, Fedrizzi L, Bonora PL. Electrochemical studies of zinc-nickel codeposition in chloride baths. Surf. Coat. Technol, 1996, 85, 170.

[6] Byk [ TV, Gaevskaya TV, Tsybulskaya LS. Effect of electrodeposition conditions on the composition, mcro-structure, and corrosion resistance of Zn-Ni alloy coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, 5817.

[7] Miranda [ FJ, Margarit ICP, Mattos OR, Barcia OE, Wiart R. Corrosion behavior of zinc-nickel alloy elec-trodeposited coatings. Corr. Sci, 1999, 55, 732.

[8] Zhang [ XG. Galvanic corrosion of zinc and its alloys. J. Electrochem. Soc, 1996, 143, 1472.

[9] Wang [ K, Pickering HW, Weil KG. EQCM studies of the electrodeposition and corrosion of tin-zinc coatings. Electrochim. Acta, 2001, 46, 3835.

[10] Pavlatou [ EA, Stroumbouli M, Gyftou P, Spyrellis N. Hardening effect induced by incorporation of SiC particles in nickel electrodeposits. J. Appl. Electrochem, 2006, 36, 385.

[11] Durairajan [ A, Krishniyer A, Haran BS, White RE, Popov BN. Characterization of hydrogen permeation through a corrosion-resistant zinc-nickel-phosphorus aloy. Corrosion, 2000, 56, 283.

[12] Zhang [ Z, Leng WH, Li JF, Zhang JQ, Wang JM, Cao CN. Cooperation behavior of iron and phosphorus in electrodeposition of zinc-iron-phosphorus coating. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2003, 77, 497.

[13] Younan [ MM, Oki T. Electrodeposition of Zn-Ni-Fe alloy in acidic chloride bath with separated anodes. J. Appl. Electrochem., 1996, 26, 537.

[14] Abou-Krisha [ M M, Assaf F H, El-Naby S A. Electrodeposition behavior of zinc-nickel-iron alloys from sulfate bath. J. Coat. Technol. Res., 2009, 6, 391.

[15] Abou-Krisha [ MM, Assaf FH, El-Naby SA. Electrodeposition and characterization of zinc-nickel-iron alloy from sulfate bath: Influence of platingbath temperature. J. Solid State Electrochem., 2009, 13, 879.

[16] Younan [ MM. Surface microstructure and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited ternary Zn-Ni-Co alloy. J. Appl. Electrochem., 2000, 30, 55.

[17] Abou-Krisha [ MM, Rageh HM, Matter EA. Electrochemical studies on the electrodeposited Zn-Ni-Co ternary alloy in different media. Surf. Coat. Technol, 2008, 202, 3739.

[18] Eliaz [ N, Venkatakrishna K, Hegde AC. Hegde, Electroplating and characterization of Zn-Ni, Zn-Co and Zn-Ni-Co alloys. Surf. Coat. Technol, 2010, 205, 1969.

[19] Vijayakumar [ J, Mohan S, Kumar SA, Suseendiran SR, Pavithra S. Electrodeposition of Ni-Co-Sn alloy from choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent and characterization as cathode for hydrogen evolution in alkaline solution. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38, 10208.

[20] Zhou [ ZY, O’Keefe TJ. Modification of anomalous deposition of Zn-Ni alloy by using tin additions. Surf Coat. Technol, 1997, 96, 191.

[21] Fashu [ S, Khan R. Electrodeposition of ternary Zn-Ni-Sn alloys from an ionic liquid based on choline chloride and their characterisation. Trans. IMF, 2016, 94, 237.

[22] Solmaz [ R, Karahan BD. Effect of tin additions on the corrosion behaviors of zinc-nickel coatings. 19th International Metallurgy and Materials Congress Proceeding, 2018 1224

[23] PraveenKumar [ CMK, Venkatesha TV, Vathsala K, Nayana KO. Electrodeposition and corrosion behavior of Zn-Ni and Zn-Ni-Fe₂O₃ coatings. J. Coat. Technol. Res, 2012, 9, 71.

[24] Fashu [ S, Gu C, Zhang JL, Huang ML, Wang X, Tu J. Effect of EDTA and NH₄Cl additives on electrodeposition of Zn-Ni films from choline chloride-based ionic liquid. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2015, 25, 2054.

[25] Han [ CF, Liu Q, Ivey DG. Kinetics of Sn electrode-position from Sn(II)-citrate solutions. Electrochim. Acta, 2008, 53, 8332.

[26] Bahade [ ST, Lanje AS, Sharma SJ. Synthesis of SnO₂ thin film by sol-gel spin coating technique for optical and ethanol gas sensing application. Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res., 2017, 3, 567

[27] Saoud [ K, Alsoubaihi R, Bensalah N, Bora T, Bertino M, Dutta J. Synthesis of supported silver nano-spheres on zinc oxide nanorods for visible light photocatalytic applications. Mater. Res. Bull, 2015, 63, 134.

[28] Kadam [ AN, Bhopate DP, Kondalkar VV, Majhi SM, Bathula CD, Tran AV, Lee SW. Facile synthesis of Ag-ZnO core-shell nanostructures with enhanced pho tocatalytic activity. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2018, 61, 78.

[29] Handore [ K, Bhavsar S, Horne A, Chhattise P, Mohite K, Ambekar J, Pande N, Chabukswar V. Novel green route of synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by using natural biodegradable polymer and its application as a catalyst for oxidation of aldehydes. J. Macromol. Sci. Part A, 2014, 51, 941.

[30] Wolfart [ F, Dubal DP, Vidotti M, G′omez-Romero P. Hybrid core-shell nanostructured electrodes made of polypyrrole nanotubes coated with Ni(OH)₂ nanoflakes for high energy-density supercapacitors. RSC Adv, 2016, 6, 15062.

[31] Adekunle [ AS, Oyekunle JAO, Oluwafemi OS, Joshua AO, Makinde AO, Ogunfowokan AO, Eleruja MA, Ebenso EE. Comparative catalytic properties of Ni(OH)₂ and NiO nanoparticles towards the degradation of nitrite (NO²-) and nitric oxide (NO). Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 2014, 9, 3008

[32] Krstajić [ NV, Jović VD, Gajić-Krstajić Lj, Jović BM, Antozzi AL, Martelli GN. Electrodeposition of Ni-Mo alloy coatings and their characterization as cathodes for hydrogen evolution in sodium hydroxide solution. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33, 3676.

[33] Costovici [ S, Manea AC, Visan T, Anicai L. Investigation of Ni-Mo and Co-Mo alloys electrodeposition involving choline chloride based ionic liquids. Electrochim. Acta, 2016, 207, 97.

[34] García-Antón [ J, Fernández-Domene RM, Sánchez-To-var R, Escrivà-Cerdán C, Leiva-García R, García V, Urtiaga A. Improvement of the electrochemical behaviour of Zn-electroplated steel using regenerated Cr (III) passivation baths. Chem. Eng Sci, 2014, 111, 402.