Pull-out capacity and energy absorption of cable bolts under impact loading

Abstract

This study investigates the performance of high-strength cable bolts under impact loading conditions representative of rock bursts in underground environments. Although widely used, the dynamic behaviour of these cable bolts has received limited experimental attention, and their effectiveness in seismically active zones remains a subject of ongoing debate. To address this gap, a reverse pull-out test machine integrated with a drop hammer rig was employed. Tests were conducted on 70-t SUMO bulbed and non-bulbed cable bolts with encapsulation lengths of 300 and 450 mm, subjected to an impact energy of 14.52 kJ. Results indicate that non-bulbed cables, despite showing lower initial peak loads (average 218 vs. 328 kN for bulbed cables at 300 mm encapsulation), demonstrated superior energy absorption (average 11.26 vs. 8.75 kJ) and displacement capacity (average 48.40 vs. 36.25 mm). Increasing the encapsulation length for bulbed cables led to a reduction in initial peak load but improved displacement and energy absorption. The dominant failure mechanism was debonding at the cable-grout interface, characterised by frictional sliding and cable rotation. These findings provide new insights into the energy dissipation mechanisms of cables and support the development of more resilient ground support systems for dynamically active conditions.

Keywords

Rock reinforcement / Cable bolt / Impact loading / Pull-out testing / Mine seismicity / Rock burst

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Adel Mottahedi: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Visualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Naj Aziz: Writing - review & editing, Valida-tion, Supervision, Methodology, Formal analysis, Conceptualiza-tion. Alex Remennikov: Writing - review & editing, Validation, Supervision, Conceptualization. Ali Mirzaghorbanali: Writing -review & editing, Validation, Supervision, Methodology.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-cial interests or personal relationsh ips that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their appreciation to Jennmar Australia Pty Ltd for supplying the required materials and the uni-versity personnel who assisted in completing the tests conducted at the University of Wollongong, especially Mr. Travis Marshall and Mr. Ritchie McLean.

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