Shear mechanical responses and debonding failure mechanisms of bolt-resin-rock anchoring system under dynamic normal load boundary

Abstract

Under external disturbances, the shear mechanical responses and debonding failure mechanisms at anisotropic interfaces of anchoring system composed of multiphase media are inherently difficult to characterize due to the concealment nature of interfacial interactions. This study establishes an equivalent shear model for a bolt-resin-rock anchoring system and conducts direct shear tests under dynamic normal load (DNL) boundary from both laboratory experiments and discrete element method (DEM) simulations. The research investigates the influence of normal dynamic load amplitude (A_n) and rock type on shear strength parameters, elucidating the evolutionary characteristics and underlying mechanisms of shear load and normal displacement fluctuations induced by cyclic normal loading, with maximum shear load decreasing by 36.81% to 46.94% as A_n increases from 10% to 70% when rock type varies from coal to limestone. Through analysis of strain field evolution, the critical impact of rock type on localization of shear failure surface is revealed, with systematic summarization of differentiated wear characteristics, failure modes, and key controlling factors associated with shear failure surface. Mesoscopic investigations enabled by DEM simulations uncover the nonuniform distribution of contact force chains within the material matrix and across the anisotropic interfaces under various DNL boundaries, clarify rock type dependent crack propagation pathways, and quantitatively assess the damage extent of shear failure surface, with the anisotropic interface damage factor increasing from 34.9% to 56.6% as A_n rises from 10% to 70%, and decreasing from 49.6% to 23.4% as rock type varies from coal to limestone.

Keywords

Anchoring structure / Dynamic normal load boundary / Shear mechanical responses / Debonding failure / Discrete element method

Acknowledgments

The financial support from the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (Nos. 51504247, 52174092, 51904290, and 52074259), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China (No. BK20220157), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (No. 2022YCPY0202), and the China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT) Open Sharing Fund for Large-scale Instruments and Equipment (No. DYGX-2025-47) is gratefully acknowledged.

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