Fracturing mechanism of pre-damaged granite induced by multi-source dynamic disturbances in tunnels

Abstract

To elucidate the fracturing mechanism of deep hard rock under complex disturbance environments, this study investigates the dynamic failure behavior of pre-damaged granite subjected to multi-source dynamic disturbances. Blasting vibration monitoring was conducted in a deep-buried drill-and-blast tunnel to characterize in-situ dynamic loading conditions. Subsequently, true triaxial compression tests incorporating multi-source disturbances were performed using a self-developed wide-low-frequency true triaxial system to simulate disturbance accumulation and damage evolution in granite. The results demonstrate that combined dynamic disturbances and unloading damage significantly accelerate strength degradation and trigger shear-slip failure along preferentially oriented blast-induced fractures, with strength reductions up to 16.7%. Layered failure was observed on the free surface of pre-damaged granite under biaxial loading, indicating a disturbance-induced fracture localization mechanism. Time-stress-fracture-energy coupling fields were constructed to reveal the spatiotemporal characteristics of fracture evolution. Critical precursor frequency bands (105-150, 185-225, and 300-325 kHz) were identified, which serve as diagnostic signatures of impending failure. A dynamic instability mechanism driven by multi-source disturbance superposition and pre-damage evolution was established. Furthermore, a grouting-based wave-absorption control strategy was proposed to mitigate deep dynamic disasters by attenuating disturbance amplitude and reducing excitation frequency.

Keywords

Multi-source dynamic disturbances / Blasting vibration / Deep-buried tunnel / Acoustic emission / Time-delayed rockburst

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2023YFB2603602) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52222810 and 52178383).

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