Multi-frequency formation mechanism and modulation strategy of self-priming enhanced submerged pulsed waterjet

Abstract

Under submerged conditions, compared with traditional self-excited oscillating pulsed waterjets (SOPWs), annular fluid-enhanced self-excited oscillating pulsed waterjets (AFESOPWs) exhibit a higher surge pressure through self-priming. However, their pressure frequency and cavitation characteristics remain unclear, resulting in an inability to fully utilize resonance and cavitation erosion to break coal and rock. In this study, high-frequency pressure testing, high-speed photography, and large eddy simulation (LES) are used to investigate the distribution of the pressure frequency band, evolution law of the cavitation cloud, and its regulation mechanism of a continuous waterjet, SOPW, and AFESOPW. The results indicated that the excitation of the plunger pump, shearing layer vortex, and bubble collapse corresponded to the three high-amplitude frequency bands of the waterjet pressure. AFESOPWs have an additional self-priming frequency that can produce a larger amplitude under a synergistic effect with the second high-amplitude frequency band. A better cavitation effect was produced after self-priming the annulus fluid, and the shedding frequency of the cavitation clouds of the three types of waterjets was linearly related to the cavitation number. The peak pressure of the waterjet and cavitation erosion effect can be improved by modulating the waterjet pressure oscillation frequency and cavitation shedding frequency.

Keywords

Multi-frequency / Modulation / Self-priming / Submerged waterjet / Cavitation

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the program for National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52174173, 52274188, and 52104190), the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U24A2091), The Natural Science Foundation of Henan Polytechnic University (No. B2021-2), and Double First-Class Initiative of Safety and Energy Engineering (Henan Polytechnic University) (Nos. AQ20240703 and AQ20230304).

References

[1] Yang RS, Kang YQ, Yang LY, Ma F, Yao M, Xu HD. Research and application of key technologies for full-face boring machine equipment for kilometer-level shafts with hard rock and its prospects. J China Univ Min Technol 2023; 52(6):1162-72 (in Chinese).

[2] Liu YW, Jia HJ, Zuo WQ, Chang P, Han HK, Long LQ, Miao J. Methodology and performance of annular fluid enhanced self-excited oscillation in pulsed submerged waterjet for coal mine engineering. Powder Technol 2024; 435:119401.

[3] Zuo W.Q., Wu S.J., Liu Y.W., Long L.Q., Jia H.J., Miao J., Zhang SX. Experimental study on the time-frequency characteristics of self-excited pulsed jet striking force in self-absorbing annular-air fluid type. Coal Sci Technol 2024;1-12. in Chinese.

[4] Zhou Q, Zhu ZM, Liu W, Lu HJ, Fan ZD, Nie XF, Li CB, Wang J, Ren L. Hydraulic fracturing behaviors of shale under coupled stress and temperature conditions simulating different burial depths. Int J Min Sci Technol 2024; 34(6):783-97.

[5] Guo XS, Fan N, Zheng DF, Fu CW, Wu H, Zhang YJ, Song XL, Nian TK. Predicting impact forces on pipelines from deep-sea fluidized slides: A comprehensive review of key factors. Int J Min Sci Technol 2024; 34(2):211-25.

[6] Li SQ, Yan T, Li W, Bi FQ. Modeling of vibration response of rock by harmonic impact. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 2015; 23:90-6.

[7] Zhang JC, Zhang B, Liu B, Li B. Investigation on the influence of the frequency of pulsed water jet on the rock-breaking effect. Powder Technol 2024; 431:119054.

[8] Liu Y, Deng YJ, Wei JP, Shen HL, Li X, Li HC. Study on the optimal target distance of self-oscillation pulsed SC-CO₂ jet based on resonant effect. Geoenergy Sci Eng 2023; 229:212018.

[9] Wang Y, Wang XL, Zhang ZL, Li Y, Liu HL, Zhang X, Hocˇevar M. Optimization of a self-excited pulsed air-water jet nozzle based on the response surface methodology. Strojniški Vestnik 2021; 67(3):75-87.

[10] Xiong JY, Wang XY, Yuan QJ, Yang H, Sun WT. A study of downhole device for increasing flow of itself by hydraulic pressure. Nat Gas Ind 2001; 21(1):66-85. in Chinese.

[11] Szada-Borzyszkowska M, Kacalak W, Banaszek K, Pude F, Perec A, Wegener K, Królczyk G. Assessment of the effectiveness of high-pressure water jet machining generated using self-excited pulsating heads. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2024; 133(9):5029-51.

[12] Wang P, Zhao B, Ni HJ, Li ZN, Liu YD, Chen XY. Research on the modulation mechanism and rock breaking efficiency of a cuttings waterjet. Energy Sci Eng 2019; 7(5):1687-704.

[13] Hu D, Li XH, Tang CL, Kang Y. Analytical and experimental investigations of the pulsed air-water jet. J Fluids Struct 2015; 54:88-102.

[14] Liu WC, Kang Y, Wang XC, Liu Q, Fang ZL. Integrated CFD-aided theoretical demonstration of cavitation modulation in self-sustained oscillating jets. Appl Math Model 2020; 79:521-43.

[15] Szada-Borzyszkowska M, Kacalak W, Lipin´ ski D, Bałasz B. Analysis of the erosivity of high-pressure pulsating water jets produced in the self-excited drill head. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14(15):4165.

[16] Nguyen VT, Phan TH, Duy TN, Kim DH, Park WG. Modeling of the bubble collapse with water jets and pressure loads using a geometrical volume of fluid based simulation method. Int J Multiph Flow 2022; 152:104103.

[17] El Hassan M, Bukharin N, Al-Kouz W, Zhang JW, Li WF. A review on the erosion mechanism in cavitating jets and their industrial applications. Appl Sci 2021; 11(7):3166.

[18] Cai TF, Chamorro LP, Ma F, Han J. Impact of nozzle lip on the cavitation cloud characteristics of self-excited cavitating waterjets. Ocean Eng 2023; 285:115329.

[19] Li ZF. Criteria for jet cavitation and cavitation jet drilling. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 2014; 71:204-7.

[20] Watanabe R, Yanagisawa K, Yamagata T, Fujisawa N. Simultaneous shadowgraph imaging and acceleration pulse measurement of cavitating jet. Wear 2016; 358:72-9.

[21] Fan CX, Zhang HT, Kang Y, Shi HQ, Li D. Rock breaking performance of the newly proposed unsubmerged cavitating abrasive waterjet. Int J Min Sci Technol 2023; 33(7):843-53.

[22] Li W, Pu W, Ji LL, Yang QY, He XR, Agarwal R. Mechanism of the impact of sediment particles on energy loss in mixed-flow pumps. Energy 2024; 304:132166.

[23] Fang ZL, Hou WJ, Fan SD, Guo XF, Chen Y. Coherent structure analysis of cavitation waterjets using dynamic mode decomposition. Phys Fluids 2024; 36(3):035114.

[24] Zhu RY, Zhu HT, Zhang XH. Numerical investigation about the unsteady behavior of a free submerged cavitation jet using the SBES approach. Ocean Eng 2023; 281:115010.

[25] Wang JX, Wang ZC, Xu Y, Yan YJ, Xu XY, Li S. Evolution of cavitation clouds under cavitation impinging jets based on three-view high-speed visualization. Geoenergy Sci Eng 2024; 237:212832.

[26] Lin C, Zhao XT, Wang ZY, Cheng HY, Wang CC, Ji B. Large eddy simulations of sheet-to-cloud cavitation transitions with special emphasis on the simultaneous existence of the re-entrant jet and shock waves. J Turbul 2024; 25(4-6):157-80.

[27] Li D, Kang Y, Ding XL, Wang XC, Fang ZL. Effects of area discontinuity at nozzle inlet on the characteristics of high speed self-excited oscillation pulsed waterjets. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 2016; 79:254-65.

[28] Liu WC, Kang Y, Zhang MX, Wang XC, Li D, Xie L. Experimental and theoretical analysis on chamber pressure of a self-resonating cavitation waterjet. Ocean Eng 2018; 151:33-45.

[29] Cai TF, Liu BS, Ma F, Pan Y. Influence of nozzle lip geometry on the Strouhal number of self-excited waterjet. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 2020; 112:109978.

[30] Kang C, Liu HX. Pressure fluctuation and surface morphology induced by the high-pressure submerged waterjet confined in a square duct. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 2019; 77:134-43.

[31] Zhang FH, Liu HF, Xu JC, Tang CL. Experimental investigation on noise of cavitation nozzle and its chaotic behaviour. Chin J Mech Eng 2013; 26(4):758-62.

[32] Peng C, Tian SC, Li GS. Determination of the shedding frequency of cavitation cloud in a submerged cavitation jet based on high-speed photography images. J Hydrodyn 2021; 33(1):127-39.

[33] Wang GW, Yang YF, Wang C, Shi WD, Li W, Pan B. Effect of nozzle outlet shape on cavitation behavior of submerged high-pressure jet. Machines 2021; 10(1):4.

[34] Li W, Yang QY, Yang Y, Ji LL, Shi WD, Agarwal R. Optimization of pump transient energy characteristics based on response surface optimization model and computational fluid dynamics. Appl Energy 2024; 362:123038.

[35] Wei JP, Zhang JZ, Wen ZH, Zhang LB, Ren YJ, Si LL. Natural frequency of coal: Mathematical model, test, and analysis on influencing factors. Geofluids 2022; 2022:7891894.

[36] Zhu RY, Zhang XH, Zhu HT, Zhang C, Pan SZ. On unsteady cavitation flow of a high-speed submerged water jet based on data-driven modal decomposition. Ocean Eng 2024; 295:116916.