Quantitative principles of dynamic interaction between rock support and surrounding rock in rockburst roadways

Abstract

Rockbursts, which mainly affect mining roadways, are dynamic disasters arising from the surrounding rock under high stress. Understanding the interaction between supports and the surrounding rock is necessary for effective rockburst control. In this study, the squeezing behavior of the surrounding rock is analyzed in rockburst roadways, and a mechanical model of rockbursts is established considering the dynamic support stress, thus deriving formulas and providing characteristic curves for describing the interaction between the support and surrounding rock. Design principles and parameters of supports for rockburst control are proposed. The results show that only when the geostress magnitude exceeds a critical value can it drive the formation of rockburst conditions. The main factors influencing the convergence response and rockburst occurrence around roadways are geostress, rock brittleness, uniaxial compressive strength, and roadway excavation size. Roadway support devices can play a role in controlling rockburst by suppressing the squeezing evolution of the surrounding rock towards instability points of rockburst. Further, the higher the strength and the longer the impact stroke of support devices with constant resistance, the more easily multiple balance points can be formed with the surrounding rock to control rockburst occurrence. Supports with long impact stroke allow adaptation to varying geostress levels around the roadway, aiding in rockburst control. The results offer a quantitative method for designing support systems for rockburst-prone roadways. The design criterion of supports is determined by the intersection between the convergence curve of the surrounding rock and the squeezing deformation curve of the support devices.

Keywords

Deep roadway / Rockburst / Dynamic interaction / Rock support / Surrounding rock / Rockburst control

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52304133), the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFC3004605), and the Department of Science and Technology of Liaoning Province (No. 2023-BS-083).

References

[1] He MC, Ren FQ, Liu DQ. Rockburst mechanism research and its control. Int J Min Sci and Tech 2018; 28(5):829-37.

[2] Ji ST, Lai XP, Cui F, Liu Y, Pan RK, Karlovšek J. The failure of edge-cracked hard roof in underground mining: An analytical study. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 2024; 183:105934.

[3] Xu HC, Lai XP, Shan PF, Yang YB, Zhang S, Yan BX, Zhang Y, Zhang N. Energy dissimilation characteristics and shock mechanism of coal-rock mass induced in steeply-inclined mining: comparison based on physical simulation and numerical calculation. Acta Geotech 2023; 18(2):843-64.

[4] Ma Q, Liu XL, Tan YL, Wang RS, Xie WQ, Wang EZ, Liu XS, Shang JL. Experimental study of loading system stiffness effects on mechanical characteristics and kinetic energy calculation of coal specimens. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2024; 57(11):9941-57.

[5] Wang GF, Pang YH. Relationship between hydraulic support and surrounding rock coupling and its application. J China Coal Soc 2015; 40(1):30-4. in Chinese.

[6] Cai M. Principles of rock support in burst-prone ground. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 2013; 36:46-56.

[7] Gao MS, He YL, Dong X, Yu X. A new theoretical model of rock burst-prone roadway support and its application. Geofluids 2021; 11:5549875.

[8] Wang WJ, Fan L, Zhao ZQ, Han S. Research progress of support theory and technology of the roadway surrounding rock based on the plastic zone control. J China Coal Soc 2024; 49(1):320-36. in Chinese.

[9] Li CC. Principles of rockbolting design. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 2017; 9(3):396-414.

[10] Cao C, Ren T, Cook C, Cao YJ. Analytical approach in optimising selection of rebar bolts in preventing rock bolting failure. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 2014; 72:16-25.

[11] Shen BT. Coal mine roadway stability in soft rock: a case study. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2014; 47(6):2225-38.

[12] Wang KX, Pan YS. A unified theory of energy absorption and anti-impact for surrounding rock and support in rock burst mine. Rock Soil Mech 2015; 36(9):2585-90. in Chinese.

[13] Zhao TB, Xing ML, Guo WY, Wang CW, Wang B. Anchoring effect and energyabsorbing support mechanism of large deformation bolt. J Cent South Univ 2021; 28(2):572-81.

[14] Kang HP, Li JZ, Yuan GY, Gao FQ, Wang XQ, Yang JH. Mechanisms of rockbolt support for highly fractured rock masses-insight from physical and numerical modeling. Bull Eng Geol Environ 2022; 81(5).

[15] Song GF, Huang P, Li HH, Zan MH, Kong DZ, Zhang PF. Failure mechanism of the tip-to-face roof based on energy method and experimental investigation of support-strata interaction. Coal Sci Technol 2024; 52(7):11-22. in Chinese.

[16] Pan YS, Song YM, Luo H, Xiao YH. Coalbursts in China: theory, practice and management. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 2024; 16(1):1-25.

[17] Zhao YM, Liu J, Han Y, Ren Y, Kou YY. The failure characteristics and control of large deformation in deep fractured hard rock roadways based on cracking evaluation: a case study. Arab J Geosci 2022; 15(9):892.

[18] Zhao YM, Feng XT, Jiang Q, Han Y, Zhou YY, Guo HG, Kou YY, Shi YE. Large deformation control of deep roadways in fractured hard rock based on cracking-restraint method. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2021; 54(5):2559-80.

[19] Dai LP, Pan YS, Wang AW. Study of the energy absorption performance of an axial splitting component for anchor bolts under static loading. Tunn Undergr Space Technol Incorporating Trenchless Technol Res 2018; 81:176-86.

[20] Dai LP, Pan YS, Wang AW, Xiao YH, Ma X. Experimental study on the selfprotection performance of anchor bolts with energy-absorbing tails. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2020; 53(5):2249-63.

[21] Li CL. Principles and methods of rock support for rockburst control. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 2021; 13(1):46-59.

[22] He MC, Hu J, Cheng T, Deng F, Tao ZG, Li HR, Peng D. Dynamic properties of micro-NPR material and its controlling effect on surrounding rock mass with impact disturbances. Underground Space 2024; 15:331-52.

[23] Tahmasebinia F, Zhang CG, Canbulat I, Vardar O, Saydam S. Numerical and analytical simulation of the structural behaviour of fully grouted cable bolts under impulsive loading. Int J Min Sci Technol 2018; 28(5):807-11.

[24] Xu S, Yang ZM, Cai M, Hou PY. An experimental study on the anchoring characteristics of an innovative self-swelling Split-set. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 2021; 112:103919.

[25] Fan DW, Wang AW, Dai LP, Pan YS, Zhao SK, Yu XH. Performance evaluation of novel energy-absorbing anchor cables with expansion-friction structures for supporting roadways prone to rock bursts. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 2025; 155:106158.

[26] Zhang N, Wei Q, Wu JS. Spray-on membrane technology and its applicability in coal mine roadways. Coal Sci Technol 2022; 50(1):78-85. in Chinese.

[27] Ma NJ, Ma HY, Wang YW, Lv K. Support principle and flexible cable support technology of deep large deformation roadway. J Min Saf Eng 2023; 40(5):957-64. in Chinese.

[28] Li YH, Li KM, Feng XT, Cai M. Development and evaluation of artificial expandable pillars for hard rock mining. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 2018; 110:68-75.

[29] Skrzypkowski K, Korzeniowski W, Zagórski K, Zagórska A. Adjustment of the yielding system of mechanical rock bolts for room and pillar mining method in stratified rock mass. Energies 2020; 13(8):2082.

[30] Li DQ, Ma SQ, Lane M, Chang P, Crompton B, Hagen SA. Laboratory investigations into the failure mechanisms of new yielding and inflatable rockbolts under axial and shearing loading conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2023; 56(1):565-87.

[31] Skrzypkowski K. A new design of support for burst-prone rock mass in underground ore mining. E3S Web Conf 2018; 71:00006.

[32] Skrzypkowski K. Laboratory testing of a long expansion rock bolt support for energy-absorbing applications. E3S Web Conf 2018; 29:00004.

[33] Hao S, Lei S, Zhang HQ, Chen WL, Lin HS, Li DQ, Wang GZ, Zhao HY. Experimental and numerical studies on progressive debonding of grouted rock bolts. Int J Min Sci Technol 2022; 32(1):63-74.

[34] Zhang YB, Han X, Liang P, Yao XL, Li Q, Yu GY, Wang QA. A deformation measurement method based on surface texture information of rocks and its application. Int J Min Sci Technol 2023; 33(9):1117-30.

[35] Dai LP, Pan YS, Li ZH, Wang AW, Xiao YH, Liu FY, Shi TW, Zheng WH. Quantitative mechanism of roadway rockbursts in deep extra-thick coal seams: theory and case histories. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 2021; 111:103861.

[36] Kang HP, Yi BD, Gao FQ, Lv HW. Database and characteristics of underground in situ stress distribution in Chinese coal mines. J China Coal Soc 2019; 44(1):23-33. in Chinese.

[37] Timoshenko SP, Goodier JN. Theory of Elasticity. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company; 1951.

[38] Dai LP, Pan YS, Zhang CG, Wang AW, Canbulat I, Shi TW, Wei CC, Cai RH, Liu FY, Gao XP. New criterion of critical mining stress index for risk evaluation of roadway rockburst. Rock Mech Rock Eng 2022; 55(8):4783-99.