Advancing the recovery of iron and rare earth elements from the solid waste at Bayan Obo

Abstract

The storage of solid waste in Bayan Obo has resulted in significant resource wastage and environmental concerns. In this study, an efficient process was developed to recover iron and rare earth elements (REEs) from this waste by processes of hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation (HMPT), magnetic separation, and flotation. Under optimal HMPT conditions (525 °C, 12.5 min, and 30% H₂ concentration), an iron concentrate with a TFe grade of 64.09% and a recovery of 95.33% was obtained. The magnetic properties of the solid waste were greatly enhanced by HMPT, allowing the effective magnetic separation of iron minerals. Further optimization of the flotation process resulted in a REEs concentrate with a rare earth oxide (REO) grade of 65%-70% and a REEs recovery of 60%-65%. Hematite was reduced to magnetite during HMPT, and bastnaesite was decomposed to REEs oxides and fluorides, and the particle structure was significantly destroyed. However, changes in monazite, fluorite, and barite were minimal.

Keywords

Hydrogen-based mineral phase transformation / Flotation / Reduction characteristics / Microstructure evolution / Surface chemistry

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2021YFC2901000), the Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52130406), the Natural Science Foundation Innovation Group Project of Hubei Province (No. 2023AFA044), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. N2301002).

Supplementary material

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.12.006.

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