An integrated glacial geosite assessment framework and its application in Montenegro: Inventory, evaluation, and prospects for geotourism^☆

Abstract

This study examined the state of glacial geosites in Montenegro and evaluated their potential for geotourism development. The findings were based on a newly developed methodology—the glacial geosite assessment model (G-GAM)—which was specifically designed to assess glacial geosites. Seven key geosites were identified in this study due to their existing touristic value. The results showed that the analyzed sites had significant potential for geotourism development and could be enhanced with relatively modest financial investment. Furthermore, the glacial geosites offered notable environmental, leisure, and recreational value, as well as considerable scientific importance and educational potential. Given that most of these sites were in rural areas, the development of geotourism was expected to deliver positive economic impacts for local communities, potentially helping to mitigate depopulation trends. While geotourism may not have represented Montenegro's primary tourism offering, its integration with other tourism activities could have yielded mutual benefits for all stakeholders. The mountains of Montenegro had already become a major draw for international tourists, and the recognition and promotion of the importance of glacial geosites were expected to further enhance the market appeal of the country's natural landscape.

Keywords

glacial geoheritage / geosite inventory / geosite assessment / geotourism / Montenegro

References

[1] K.R. Adamson, J.C. Woodward, P.D. Hughes. Glaciers and rivers: Pleistocene uncoupling in a Mediterranean mountain karst. Quaternary Science Reviews, 94 (2014), pp. 28-43, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.04.016

[2] K.R. Adamson, J.C. Woodward, P.D. Hughes. Glacial crushing of limestone and the production of carbonate-rich silts in a Pleistocene glaciofluvial system: A potential source of loess in Southern Europe. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 96 (3) (2014), pp. 339-356, 10.1111/geoa.12054

[3] K.R. Adamson, J.C. Woodward, P.D. Hughes. Middle Pleistocene glacial outwash in poljes of the Dinaric karst. J.M. Feinberg, Y.L. Gao, E.C. Alexander Jr. (Eds.), Cavesand karst across time, GeologicalSociety of America, WashingtonDC (2015), pp. 247-262, 10.1130/2015.2516(20)

[4] K.R. Adamson, J.C. Woodward, P.D. Hughes, F. Giglio, F. Del Bianco. Middle Pleistocene glaciation, alluvial fan development and sea-level changes in the Bay of Kotor, Montenegro. P.D. Hughes, J.C. Woodward (Eds.), Quaternary glaciation in the Mediterranean Mountains, Geological Society of London, London (2017), pp. 193-209, 10.1144/SP433

[5] J.L. Allard. Pleistocene glaciation in the Mediterranean: Extent, timing and climatic significance (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (2022)

[6] J.L. Allard, P.D. Hughes, J.C. Woodward. Heinrich Stadial aridity forced Mediterranean-wide glacier retreat in the last cold stage. Nature Geoscience, 14 (4) (2021), pp. 197-205, 10.1038/s41561-021-00703-6

[7] J.L. Allard, P.D. Hughes, J.C. Woodward. A radiometric dating revolution and the Quaternary glacial history of the Mediterranean mountains. Earth Science Reviews, 223, Article 103844 (2021), 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103844

[8] J.L. Allard, P.D. Hughes, J.C. Woodward, D. Fink, K. Simon, K.M. Wilcken. Late Pleistocene glaciers in Greece: A new ³⁶Cl geochronology. Quaternary Science Reviews, 245, Article 106528 (2020), 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106528

[9] E.A. Allison. The spiritual significance of glaciers in an age of climate change. WIREs Climate Change, 6 (5) (2015), pp. 493-508, 10.1002/wcc.354

[10] K. Annys, A. Frankl, V. Spalević, M. Čurović, D. Borota, J. Nyssen. Geomorphology of the Durmitor Mountains and surrounding plateau Jezerska Površ (Montenegro). Journal of Maps, 10 (4) (2014), pp. 600-611, 10.1080/17445647.2014.909338

[11] A. Antić, N. Tomić, S.B. Marković. Applying the show cave assessment model (SCAM) on cave tourism destinations in Serbia. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 10 (4) (2022), pp. 616-634, 10.1016/j.ijgeop.2022.10.001

[12] D.I. Benn, D.J. Evans. Glaciers and glaciation. (2nd ed.), Routledge, London (2014), 10.4324/9780203785010

[13] I. Bollati, C. Smiraglia, M. Pelfini. Assessment and selection of geomorphosites and itineraries in the Miage glacier area (Western Italian Alps) according to scientific value for tourism and educational purposes. Environmental Management, 51 (4) (2013), pp. 951-967, 10.1007/s00267-012-9995-2

[14] S. Božić, N. Tomić. Developing the cultural route evaluation model (CREM) and its application on the trail of Roman emperors, Serbia. Tourism Management Perspectives, 17 (2016), pp. 26-35, 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.11.002

[15] R.S. Bradley, P.D. Jones. Climate since AD 1500. Psychology Press, London (1995), 10.4324/9780203430996

[16] E. Brđanin, M. Milanović, S. Malinović-Milićević, N. Tomić, F. Vujović, G. Ćulafić. Geosite assessment as the first step for the development of canyoning activities in North Montenegro. Open Geosciences, 16 (1) (2024), Article 20220698, 10.1515/geo-2022-0698

[17] V.M. Bruschi, A. Cendrero. Geosite evaluation; can we measure intangible values?. Alpine And Mediterranean Quaternary, 18 (1) (2005), pp. 293-306 https://amq.aiqua.it/index.php/amq/article/view/499

[18] M. Burlando, M. Firpo, C. Queirolo, A. Rovere, M. Vacchi. From geoheritage to sustainable development: Strategies and perspectives in the Beigua Geopark (Italy). Geoheritage, 3 (2) (2011), pp. 63-72, 10.1007/s12371-010-0019-4

[19] B. Cerović. Durmitor and the Tara canyon. Durmitor National Park, Belgrade (1986)

[20] P. Coratza, C. Giusti. Methodological proposal for the assessment of the scientific quality of geomorphosites. Alpine And Mediterranean Quaternary, 18 (1) (2005), pp. 307-313

[21] A. Coronato, S. Schwarz, F.F. Barrera. Glacial landforms as geodiversity resources for geotourism in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Questions Geographicae, 41 (1) (2022), pp. 5-24, 10.2478/quageo-2022-0001

[22] F. Cuesta, L.D. Llambí, C. Huggel, F. Drenkhan, W.D. Gosling, P. Muriel, C. Tovar. New land in the Neotropics: A review of biotic community, ecosystem, and landscape transformations in the face of climate and glacier change. Regional Environmental Change, 19 (2019), pp. 1623-1642, 10.1007/s10113-019-01499-3

[23] G. Ćulafić, J. Krstajić. Hydrology of surface water and climate characteristics of Montenegro. G. Barovic (Ed.), Speleology of Montenegro. Cave and Karst Systems of the World, Springer, Cham (2024), 10.1007/978-3-031-49375-1_4

[24] M. Čurović, D. Stešević, M. Medarević, R. Cvjetićanin, D. Pantić, V. Spalević. Ecological and structural characteristics of monodominant montane beech forests in the national park Biogradska Gora, Montenegro. Archives of Biological Sciences, 63 (2) (2011), pp. 429-440, 10.2298/ABS1102429C

[25] J. Cvijić. Glacial and morphological studies on mountains in Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro. Herald of the Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences, 57 (1) (1889), p. Article 21

[26] J. Cvijić. Ice Age glaciation of the mountain groups from Prokletije to Durmitor. Scale 1:200,000. Imperial and Royal Military Geographical Institute, Vienna (1914)

[27] J. Cvijić. L’époque glaciaire dans la péninsule des Balkanique [The ice age in the Balkan Peninsula]. Annales de Géographie, 26 (1917), pp. 189-218

[28] B. Davies, N. Golledge, N. Glasser, J.L. Carrivick, S.R.M. Ligtenberg, … N.E. Barrand. Modelled glacier response to centennial temperature and precipitation trends on the Antarctic Peninsula. Nature Climate Change, 4 (2014), pp. 993-998, 10.1038/nclimate2369

[29] V. Dede, K. Zorlu. Geoheritage assessment with entropy-based WASPAS approach: An analysis on Karçal Mountains (Turkey). Geoheritage, 15 (2023), p. 5, 10.1007/s12371-022-00777-7

[30] P. Djurović. The Debeli Namet glacier from the second half of the 20th century to the present. Acta Geographica Slovenica, 52-2 (2012), pp. 277-301, 10.3986/AGS52201

[31] P. Djurović, M. Djurović. Physical geographic characteristics and sustainable development of the mountain area in Montenegro. G. Zhelezo (Ed.), Sustainable development in mountain regions: Southeastern Europe, Springer, Cham (2016), pp. 93-111, 10.1007/978-3-319-20110-8_8

[32] R.K. Dowling. Geotourism’s global growth. Geoheritage, 3 (1) (2011), pp. 1-13, 10.1007/s12371-010-0024-7

[33] R.K. Dowling. Global geotourism—An emerging form of sustainable tourism. Czech Journal of Tourism, 2 (2) (2013), pp. 59-79, 10.2478/cjot-2013-0004

[34] A. Emmer, J.L. Wood, S.J. Cook, S. Harrison, R. Wilson, A. Diaz-Moreno, … Poma, C.. 160 glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) across the tropical Andes since the Little Ice Age. Global and Planetary Change, 208, Article 103722 (2022), 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103722

[35] B. Erhartič. Vrednotenje geomorfološke dediščine [Geomorphologic heritage evaluation]. Acta Geographica Slovenia, 50 (2) (2010), pp. 295-319

[36] European Commission DG ENTR. EU-DEM version 1. Retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/gisco_Geographical_information_maps/introduction and http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/eu-dem. (2012)

[37] A. Frankl, T. Lenaerts, S. Radusinović, V. Spalevic, J. Nyssen. The regional geomorphology of Montenegro mapped using land surface parameters. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 60 (1) (2016), pp. 21-34, 10.1127/zfg/2016/0221

[38] E. Gachev, K. Stoyanov. Present day small perennial firn-ice patches in the mountains of the western Balkan Peninsula. Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica, 46 (2012), pp. 51-70, 10.2478/v10302-012-000-4

[39] E. Gachev, K. Stoyanov, A. Gikov. Small glaciers on the Balkan Peninsula: State and changes in the last several years. Quaternary International, 415 (2016), pp. 33-54, 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.042

[40] E.M. Gachev. Small glaciers in the Dinaric Mountains after eight years of observation: On the verge of extinction?. Acta Geographica Slovenica, 60 (2) (2020), pp. 191-211

[41] V. Garavaglia, M. Pelfini. Glacial geomorphosites and related landforms: A proposal for a dendrogeomorphological approach and educational trails. Geoheritage, 3 (1) (2011), pp. 15-25, 10.1007/s12371-010-0027-4

[42] A. Grund. Contributions to the geomorphology of the Dinaric Mountains. Geographical Papers, 7 (3) (1910), pp. 121-125

[43] W. Haeberli, M. Hoelzle, F. Paul, M. Zemp. Integrated monitoring of mountain glaciers as key indicators of global climate change: The European Alps. Annals of Glaciology, 46 (2007), pp. 150-160, 10.3189/172756407782871512

[44] M.J. Hambrey. Glacial environments. UBC Press, London (1994)

[45] J.F. Han, F.D. Wu, M.Z. Tian, W. Li. From geopark to sustainable development: Heritage conservation and geotourism promotion in the Huangshan UNESCO Global Geopark (China). Geoheritage, 10 (2018), pp. 79-91, 10.1007/s12371-017-0227-2

[46] S.J. Hassol, R.W. Corell. Arctic climate impact assessment:Avoiding dangerous climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2006)

[47] P.D. Hughes. Recent behaviour of the Debeli Namet glacier, Durmitor. Montenegro. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 32 (10) (2007), pp. 1593-1602, 10.1002/esp.1537

[48] P.D. Hughes. Response of a Montenegro glacier to extreme summer heatwaves in 2003 and 2007. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 90 (4) (2008), pp. 259-267, 10.1111/j.1468-0459.2008.00344.x

[49] P.D. Hughes. Twenty-first century glaciers and climate in the Prokletije Mountains, Albania. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 41 (4) (2009), pp. 455-459, 10.1657/1938-4246-41.4.455

[50] P.D. Hughes. Little Ice Age glaciers in the Balkans: Low altitude glaciation enabled by cooler temperatures and local topoclimatic controls. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 35 (2) (2010), pp. 229-241, 10.1002/esp.1916

[51] P.D. Hughes. Little Ice Age glaciers in the Mediterranean mountains. Mediterranée, 122 (2014), pp. 63-79

[52] P.D. Hughes, J.L. Allard, J.C. Woodward. Glacial landscapes of the Balkans. D. Palacios, P.D. Hughes, J.M. García-Ruiz, N. Andrés (Eds.), European glacial landscapes: Maximum extent of glaciations, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2022), pp. 141-148, 10.1016/B978-0-12-823498-3.00010-8

[53] P.D. Hughes, J.L. Allard, J.C. Woodward. The Balkans: Glacial landforms from the Last Glacial Maximum. D. Palacios, P.D. Hughes, J.M. García-Ruiz, N. Andrés (Eds.), European glacial landscapes: Maximum extent of glaciations, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2022), pp. 487-495, 10.1016/B978-0-12-823498-3.00058-3

[54] P.D. Hughes, J.L. Allard, J.C. Woodward, R.J. Pope. The Balkans: Glacial landforms during deglaciation. D. Palacios, P.D. Hughes, J.M. García-Ruiz, N. Andrés (Eds.), European glacial landscapes: The last deglaciation, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2023), pp. 221-231, 10.1016/B978-0-323-91899-2.00055-3

[55] P.D. Hughes, J.L. Allard, J.C. Woodward, R.J. Pope. The Balkans: Glacial landforms from the Bølling-Allerød Interstadial. D. Palacios, P.D. Hughes, J.M. García-Ruiz, N. Andrés (Eds.), European glacial landscapes: The last deglaciation, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2023), pp. 387-393, 10.1016/B978-0-323-91899-2.00029-2

[56] P.D. Hughes, J.L. Allard, J.C. Woodward, R.J. Pope. The Balkans: Glacial landforms during the Younger Dryas Stadial. D. Palacios, P.D. Hughes, J.M. García-Ruiz, N. Andrés (Eds.), European glacial landscapes: The last deglaciation, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2023), pp. 571-579, 10.1016/B978-0-323-91899-2.00047-4

[57] P.D. Hughes, J.L. Allard, J.C. Woodward, R.J. Pope. Holocene glacial landscapes of the Balkans Mountains. D. Palacios, P.D. Hughes, V. Jomelli, L.M. Tanarro (Eds.), European glacial landscapes: The Holocene, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2024), pp. 571-579, 10.1016/B978-0-323-99712-6.00011-8

[58] P.D. Hughes, D. Fink, W.J. Fletcher. Late Pleistocene glaciers and climate in the High Atlas, North Africa. R.B. Waitt, G.D. Thackray, A.R. Gillespie (Eds.), Untangling the Quaternary period—A legacy of Stephen C, Geological Society of America, Porter. Boulder (2021)

[59] P.D. Hughes, P.L. Gibbard, J.C. Woodward. Relict rock glaciers as indicators of Mediterranean palaeoclimate during the Last Glacial Maximum (Late Würmian) of Northwest Greece. Journal of Quaternary Science, 18 (5) (2003), pp. 431-440, 10.1002/jqs.764

[60] P.D. Hughes, D. Palacios, J.M. García-Ruiz, N. Andrés. The European glacial landscapes prior to the Last Glacial Maximum-synthesis. D. Palacios, P.D. Hughes, J. M. García-Ruiz, N. Andrés (Eds.), European glacial landscapes: Maximum extent of glaciations, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2022), pp. 341-351, 10.1016/B978-0-12-823498-3.00009-1

[61] P.D. Hughes, J.C. Woodward, P.C. Van Calsteren, L.E. Thomas. The glacial history of the Dinaric Alps. Montenegro. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30 (23-24) (2011), pp. 3393-3412, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.08.016

[62] P.D. Hughes, J.C. Woodward, P.C. van Calsteren, L.E. Thomas, K.R. Adamson. Pleistocene ice caps on the coastal mountains of the Adriatic Sea. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29 (27-28) (2010), pp. 3690-3708, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.032

[63] M. Janković, V. Luburić, R. Šofranac. Sustainable tourism as a basis of management of national parks in Montenegro. Ekonomika, 63 (4) (2017), pp. 41-51, 10.5937/ekonomika1704041J

[64] A. Johnston, G. Millin-Chalabi, P. Hughes. Exploring the potential of Sentinel-1 InSAR for Pleistocene glacier reconstruction at Rumija, Montenegro. Poster session presented at RSPSoc 2017 Annual Conference, London, United Kingdom (2017, September) Retrieved from https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/156160835/Johnston_RSPSoc_2017.pdf

[65] V. Jonić. Comparative analysis of devil’s town and Bryce canyon geosites by applying the modified geosite assessment model (M-GAM). Researches Reviews of the Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, 47 (2) (2018), pp. 113-125, 10.5937/ZbDght1802113J

[66] K. Lambeck, T.M. Esat, E.K. Potter. Links between climate and sea levels for the past three million years. Nature, 419 (6903) (2002), pp. 199-206, 10.1038/nature01089

[67] J. Lewin, J.C. Woodward. Woodwar (Ed.),Karst geomorphology and environmental change. J.C. The physical geography of the Mediterranean, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2009), pp. 287-317, 10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0022

[68] X.L. Liu, Z.P. Yang, T. Xie. Development and conservation of glacier tourist resources—A case study of Bogda Glacier Park. Chinese Geographical Science, 16 (2006), pp. 365-370, 10.1007/s11769-006-0365-y

[69] A.N. Mackintosh, B.M. Anderson, R.T. Pierrehumbert. Reconstructing climate from glaciers. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 45 (2017), pp. 649-680, 10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020643

[70] M.K. Mahato, N.C. Jana. Exploring the potential for development of geotourism in Rarh Bengal, Eastern India using M-GAM. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9 (3) (2021), pp. 313-322, 10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.05.002

[71] P. Mani, S. Allen, S.G. Evans, J.S. Kargel, M. Mergili, D. Petrakov, M. Stoffel. Geomorphic process chains in high-mountain regions—A review and classification approach for natural hazards assessment. Reviews of Geophysics, 61(4), Article e2022RG 000791 (2023), 10.1029/2022RG000791

[72] M. Marjanović, R. Marković, K. Šarić, A.R. Radivojević, A. Antić, Đ. Raičević, … S.B.. Geotouristic approach to the elements of geocultural heritage by using UGAM model: UNESCO World Heritage Site Felix Romuliana (Zaječar, Serbia). Geoheritage, 16 (2024), p. 35, 10.1007/s12371-024-00940-2

[73] M. Marjanović, J. Milenković, M. Lukić, N. Tomić, A. Antić, R. Marković, … Marković S.B.. Geomorphological and hydrological heritage of Mt. Stara Planina in SE Serbia: From river protection initiative to potential geotouristic destination. Open Geosciences, 14 (1) (2022), pp. 275-293, 10.1515/geo-2022-0340

[74] M. Marjanović, N. Tomić, A.R. Radivojević, S.B. Marković. Assessing the geotourism potential of the Niš city area (Southeast Serbia). Geoheritage, 13(3), Article 70 (2021), 10.1007/s12371-021-00597-1

[75] R. Mihailović, V. Radulović. Geology of the Bjelasica Mountain. Mijušković (Ed.), Natural and social values of the National Park "Biogradska Gora), Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, Podgorica (1991)

[76] M. Milivojević. Glacial morphology of the Komovi Mountains. Bulletin of the Serbian Geographical Society, 84 (2004), pp. 45-60

[77] M. Milivojević. The glacial relief on Mt. Volujak Mt. Bioč and Mt. Maglić. Geographical Institute "Jovan Cvijić". Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 68 (2004), p. 130

[78] M. Milivojević, L. Menković, J. Ćalić. Pleistocene glacial relief of the central part of Mt. Prokletije (Albanian Alps). Quaternary International, 190 (1) (2008), pp. 112-122, 10.1016/j.quaint.2008.04.006

[79] A. Nesje, S.O. Dahl.Glaciers and environmental change. (1st ed.), Routledge, London (2000), 10.4324/9781315824833

[80] D. Newsome, R.K. Dowling. The scope and nature of geotourism. R.K. Dowling, D. Newsome (Eds.), Geotourism, Routledge, London (2006), pp. 3-25, 10.4324/9780080455334

[81] M. Pál, G. Albert. Examining the spatial variability of geosite assessment and its relevance in geosite management. Geoheritage, 13 (1) (2021), p. 8, 10.1007/s12371-020-00528-6

[82] K. Pavlopoulos, A. Leontaritis, C.D. Athanassas, C. Petrakou, D. Vandarakis, K. Nikolakopoulos, K.... Theodorakopoulou. Last glacial geomorphologic records in Mt Chelmos, North Peloponnesus, Greece. Journal of Mountain Science, 15 (2018), pp. 948-965, 10.1007/s11629-017-4563-0

[83] M. Pelfini, I. Bollati. Landforms and geomorphosites ongoing changes: Concepts and implications for geoheritage promotion. Quaestiones Geographicae, 33 (1) (2014), pp. 131-143, 10.2478/quageo-2014-0009

[84] A. Penck. Die Eiszeit auf der Balkanhalbinsel [The Ice Age in the Balkans]. Globus, 78 (1900), pp. 133-178

[85] S. Peppoloni, G. Di Capua. The significance of geotourism through the lens of geoethics. M. Allan, R. Dowling (Eds.), Geotourismin the Middle East, Springer, Cham (2022), 10.1007/978-3-031-24170-3_3

[86] P. Pereira, D. Pereira, M.I. Caetano-Alves. Geomorphosite assessment in Montesinho Natural Park (Portugal). Geographica Helvetica, 62 (3) (2007), pp. 159-168

[87] A.S. Petrović. A reconstruction of the Pleistocene glacial maximum in the Žijovo range (Prokletije Mountains, Montenegro). Acta Geographica Slovenica, 54 (2) (2014), pp. 255-269, 10.5194/gh-62-159-2007

[88] R.J.J. Pope, P.D. Hughes, J.C. Woodward, S. Noble, D. Sahy, E. Skourtsos.Long-term glacial and fluvial system coupling in Southern Greece and evidence for glaciation during Marine Isotope Stage 16. Quaternary Science Reviews, 317, Article 108239 (2023), 10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108239

[89] J.P. Pralong. A method for assessing the tourist potential and use of geomorphological sites. Géomorphologie : Relief, Processus, Environnement, 3 (2005), pp. 189-196, 10.4000/geomorphologie.350

[90] A. Quesada-Román, D. Pérez-Umaña. Tropical paleoglacial geoheritage inventory for geotourism management of Chirripó National Park. Costa Rica. Geoheritage, 12 (2020), p. 58, 10.1007/s12371-020-00485-0

[91] M.G. Radaković, E.A. Oches, P.D. Hughes, R.S. Marković, Q. Hao, Z.M. Perić, … S.B. Marković. Reconstructed Malacothermometer July Paleotemperatures from the last nine glacials over the south-eastern Carpathian Basin (Serbia). Atmosphere, 14 (5) (2023), 10.3390/atmos14050791

[92] E. Reynard. Scientifc research and tourist promotion of geomor- phological heritage. Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria, 31 (2008), pp. 225-230

[93] E. Reynard, G. Fontana, L. Kozlik, C. Scapozza. A method for assessing “scientifc” and “additional values” of geomorphosites. Geographica Helvetica, 62 (3) (2007), pp. 148-158, 10.5194/gh-62-148-2007

[94] Roth von Telegd, K. 1923. The Albanian-Montenegrin border region near Plav (With special emphasis on glacial traces). In E. Nowack, & K. Roth von Telegd (Ed.), Contributions to the geology of Albania (Vol. 1, pp. 422-494). New Yearbook of Mineralogy, Geology and Paleontology. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart.

[95] L. von Sawicki. Die eiszeitliche Vergletscherung des Orjen in Süddalmatien [The glaciation of Orjen in South Dalmatia]. Zeitscrift für Gletscherkunde, 5 (1911), pp. 339-355

[96] E. Serrano, J.J. González-Trueba. Assessment of geomorphosites in natural protected areas: The Picos de Europa National Park (Spain). Géomorphologie: Relief, Processus, Environnement, 3 (2005), pp. 197-208, 10.4000/geomorphologie.364

[97] R. Shajahan, B. van Wyk de Vries, E. Zanella, A. Harris. Creating a sense of intangible science: Making it understandable to a broad public via geoheritage. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 12 (3) (2024), pp. 396-415, 10.1016/j.ijgeop.2024.07.007

[98] S. Shekhar, P. Kumar, G. Chauhan, M.G. Thakkar. Conservation and sustainable development of geoheritage, geopark, and geotourism: A case study of Cenozoic successions of western Kutch, India. Geoheritage, 11 (4) (2019), pp. 1475-1488, 10.1007/s12371-019-00362-5

[99] V. Spalević, M. Čurović, A.V. Povilaitis, S. Radusinović. The estimate of maximum outflow and soil erosion intensity in the Biogradska River basin. V. Pesic (Ed.), Biodiversity of the Biogradska Gora National Park, Department of Biology, University of Montenegro, Podgorica (2003)

[100] S.M. Stanković. Lakes of the Balkan Peninsula: Limnological monograph. Belgrade. (1993)

[101] E.J. Stewart, J. Wilson, S. Espiner, H. Purdie, C. Lemieux, J. Dawson. Implications of climate change for glacier tourism. Tourism Geographies, 18 (4) (2016), pp. 377-398, 10.1080/14616688.2016.1198416

[102] A. Stoffelen, D. Vanneste. An integrative geotourism approach: Bridging conflicts in tourism landscape research. Tourism Geographies, 17 (4) (2015), pp. 544-560, 10.1080/14616688.2015.1053973

[103] Ľ. Štrba, J. Kolačkovská, D. Kudelas, B. Kršák, C. Sidor. Geoheritage and geotourism contribution to tourism development in protected areas of Slovakia—Theoretical considerations. Sustainability, 12 (7) (2020), p. 2979, 10.3390/su12072979

[104] M.N. Styllas, I. Schimmelpfennig, L. Benedetti, M. Ghilardi, G. Aumaître, D. Bourlès, K. Keddadouche.Late-glacial and Holocene history of the Northeast Mediterranean mountain glaciers—New insights from in situ-produced ³⁶Cl-based cosmic ray exposure dating of paleo-glacier deposits on Mount Olympus, Greece. Quaternary Science Reviews, 193 (2018), pp. 244-265, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.06.020

[105] M.N. Styllas, I. Schimmelpfennig, M. Ghilardi, L. Benedetti. Geomorphic and palaeoclimatic evidence of Holocene glaciation on Mount Olympus, Greece. The Holocene, 26 (2016), pp. 709-721, 10.1177/0959683615618259

[106] D.A. Suzuki, H. Takagi. Evaluation of geosite for sustainable planning and management in geotourism. Geoheritage, 10 (1) (2018), pp. 123-135, 10.1007/s12371-017-0225-4

[107] M.F. Thomas. A geomorphological approach to geodiversity-its applications to geoconservation and geotourism. Quaestiones Geographicae, 31 (1) (2012), pp. 81-89, 10.2478/V10117-012-0005-9

[108] L.G. Thompson, M.E. Davis, E. Mosley-Thompson, T.A. Sowers, K.A. Henderson, V.S. Zagorodnov, … B. Francou. A 25,000-year tropical climate history from Bolivian ice cores. Science, 282 (5395) (1998), pp. 1858-1864, 10.1126/science.282.5395.1858

[109] J. Tičar, N. Tomić, M. Breg Valjavec, M. Zorn, S.B. Marković, M.B. Gavrilov. Speleotourism in Slovenia: Balancing between mass tourism and geoheritage protection. Open Geosciences, 10 (1) (2018), pp. 344-357, 10.1515/geo-2018-0027

[110] N. Tomić. The potential of Lazar Canyon (Serbia) as a geotourism destination: Inventory and evaluation. Geographica Pannonica, 15 (3) (2011), pp. 103-112, 10.5937/GeoPan1103103T

[111] N. Tomić, S. Božić. A modified geosite assessment model (M-GAM) and its application on the Lazar Canyon area (Serbia). International Journal of Environmental Research, 8 (4) (2014), pp. 1041-1052

[112] N. Tomić, K. Košić. Developing the spa assessment model (SAM) and its application on the Kopaonik-Jastrebac spa zone (Serbia). Tourism management. Perspectives, 36, Article 100753 (2020), 10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100753

[113] N. Tomić, S.B. Marković, A. Antić, D. Tešić. Exploring the potential for geotourism development in the Danube region of Serbia. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 8 (2) (2020), pp. 123-139, 10.1016/j.ijgeop.2020.05.001

[114] N. Tomić, S.B. Marković, M. Korać, N. Mrđić, T.A. Hose, D.A. Vasiljević, M.B. Gavrilov. Exposing mammoths: From loess research discovery to public palaeontological park. Quaternary International, 372 (2015), pp. 142-150

[115] N. Tomić, B. Sepehriannasab, S.B. Marković, Q. Hao, H.A.S. Lobo. Exploring the preferences of Iranian geotourists: Case study of shadows canyon and canyon of Jinns. Sustainability, 13 (2) (2021), 10.3390/su13020798

[116] P.C. Tzedakis. Towards an understanding of the response of southern European vegetation to orbital and suborbital climate variability. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24 (14-15) (2005), pp. 1585-1599, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.11.012

[117] P.C. Tzedakis, J.F. McManus, H. Hooghiemstra, D.W. Oppo, T.A. Wijmstra. Comparison of changes in vegetation in Northeast Greece with records of climate variability on orbital and suborbital frequencies over the last 450,000 years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 212 (1-2) (2003), pp. 197-212, 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00233-4

[118] M. Vuille, B. Francou, P. Wagnon, I. Juen, G. Kaser, B.G. Mark, R.S. Bradley. Climate change and tropical Andean glaciers: Past, present and future. Earth-Science Reviews, 89 (3-4) (2008), pp. 79-96, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.04.002

[119] M.D. Vujičić, D.A. Vasiljević, S.B. Marković, T.A. Hose, T. Lukić, O. Hadžić, S. Janićević. Preliminary geosite assessment model (GAM) and its application on Fruška Gora Mountain, potential geotourism destination of Serbia. Acta Geographica Slovenica, 51 (2) (2011), pp. 361-376, 10.3986/AGS51303

[120] S.J. Wang, L.Y. Zhou. Integrated impacts of climate change on glacier tourism. Advances in Climate Change Research, 10 (2) (2019), pp. 71-79, 10.1016/j.accre.2019.06.006

[121] M. Weber, M. Groulx, C.J. Lemieux, D. Scott, J. Dawson. Balancing the dual mandate of conservation and visitor use at a Canadian world heritage site in an era of rapid climate change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27 (9) (2019), pp. 1318-1337, 10.1080/09669582.2019.1620754

[122] R. Wilkinson. A multi-proxy study of late Holocene environmental change in the Prokletije Mountains, Montenegro and Albania (Docotoral dissertation) The University of Manchester, Mancherster, United Kingdom (2011) Retrieved from http://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/54509817/FULL_TEXT.PDF

[123] G. Zafeiropoulos, H. Drinia, A. Antonarakou, N. Zouros. From geoheritage to geoeducation, geoethics and geotourism: A critical evaluation of the Greek region. Geosciences, 11(9), Article 381 (2021), 10.3390/geosciences11090381

[124] M. Žebre, U. Stepišnik. Reconstruction of Late Pleistocene glaciers on Mount Lovćen, Montenegro. Quaternary International, 353 (2014), pp. 225-235, 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.006

[125] K. Zorlu, V. Dede. Assessment of glacial geoheritage by multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods in the Yalnızçam Mountains, Northeastern Turkey. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 11 (1) (2023), pp. 100-117, 10.1016/j.ijgeop.2023.01.001

[126] N.C. Zouros. Geomorphosite assessment and management in protected areas of Greece case study of the Lesvos Island andndash; coastal geomorphosites. Geographica Helvetica, 62 (3) (2007), pp. 169-180, 10.5194/gh-62-169-2007