Geodiversity hotspot and SWOT-TOWS-AHP assessment for regional geoconservation strategies in Kulon Progo Regency, Aspiring Jogja Geopark, Indonesia

Abstract

The concept of geodiversity and its sensitivity are inextricably linked. A geodiversity hotspot is defined as a geographical area that has a high level of geodiversity, while also being susceptible to threats from human activities. The objective of this study is to determine the geoconservation priority locations and programs in Kulon Progo Regency, an administrative area that is part of Aspiring Jogja Geopark. To achieve this, the geospatial data, including rock formations, tectonics, landforms, springs, river order, reservoir and soil order, were collected to compile the geodiversity index (GI). The threat index (TI) is comprised of geospatial data, including anthropogenic intervention, land degradation, cultivated area, and mining permit area. The GI and TI are integrated through GIS to generate spatial geodiversity hotspots, which will illustrate sensitive locations that require geoconservation strategies. The Kulon Progo Regency has been identified as containing four geodiversity hotspots. The northern hotspot encompasses parts of Kalibawang District, Nanggulan District, Girimulyo District, and Samigaluh District. The central hotspot is situated across Sentolo District, Wates District, and Pengasih District. The eastern hotspot is in Lendah District, while the western hotspot is found in Kokap District and Temon District. Strategies were developed on the basis of a SWOT-TOWS-AHP analysis of the characteristics of Kulon Progo Regency, the western portion of Aspiring Jogja Geopark. This has resulted in three priority strategies: (1) the development of human resources for the geopark, (2) the active involvement of geopark communities in geoconservation activities, and (3) the downstreaming of georesearch results in the form of communal geoknowledge. As a geoconservation tool, this method can provide a basis for Local Geodiversity Action Plans to address the complexity of geoconservation management in geoparks by simplifying it through GIS and SWOT-TOWS-AHP methods.

Keywords

geodiversity hotspot / SWOT / TOWS matrix / analytical hierarchical process / Aspiring Jogja Geopark

References

[1] J. Alahuhta, H. Tukiainen, M. Toivanen, T. Ala-Hulkko, V. Farrahi, J. Hjort, … D. Ding. Acknowledging geodiversity in safeguarding biodiversity and human health. The Lancet Planetary Health, 6 (12) (2022), pp. e987-e992, 10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00259-5

[2] A.M. Araujo, D.Í. Pereira. A new methodological contribution for the geodiversity assessment: Applicability to Ceará State (Brazil). Geoheritage, 10 (4) (2018), pp. 591-605, 10.1007/s12371-017-0250-3

[3] Australian Heritage Commision.Australian natural heritage charter. (2nd ed.), Australian Heritage Commision, Canberra (2002)

[4] F. Bétard. Geodiversity hotspots: A proposed conceptual and methodological framework for defining geoconservation priorities. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 18 (2016) EGU2016-1825-1

[5] F. Bétard, J.-P. Peulvast. Geodiversity hotspots: Concept, method and cartographic application for geoconservation purposes at a regional scale. Environmental Management, 63 (6) (2019), pp. 822-834, 10.1007/s00267-019-01168-5

[6] J. Brilha. Geoconservation and protected areas. Environmental Conservation, 29 (3) (2002), pp. 273-276, 10.1017/S0376892902000188

[7] J. Brilha, M. Gray, D.I. Pereira, P. Pereira. Geodiversity: An integrative review as a contribution to the sustainable management of the whole nature. Environmental Science & Policy, 86 (2018), pp. 19-28, 10.1016/j.envsci.2018.05.001

[8] P.D.T. Castro, K.L. Mansur, Ú.R. Azevedo, R.A.L. Imbernon. Geoethics and geoconservation: Integrated approaches. Journal of the Geological Survey of Brazil, 4 (SI 1) (2021), pp. 5-12, 10.29396/jgsb.2021.v4.SI1.3

[9] R. Crofts, J.E. Gordon, J. Brilha, M. Gray, J. Gunn, J. Larwood, … G.L. Worboys.Guideline for geoconservation in protected and conserved areas: Best practice protected area guideline series. Vol. 31, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland (2020), 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.PAG.31.en

[10] K. Datta. Application of SWOT-TOWS matrix and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in the formulation of geoconservation and geotourism development strategies for Mama Bhagne Pahar: An important geomorphosite in West Bengal. India. Geoheritage, 12 (2) (2020), p. 45, 10.1007/s12371-020-00467-2

[11] D. DeMiguel, J. Brilha, G. Meléndez, B. Azanza. Geoethics and geoheritage. C. Vasconlencos, S. Scheineider-Voß, S. Peppoloni (Eds.), Teaching geoethics: Resources for higher education, Geoethics Outcomes and Awareness Learning, Porto (2020)

[12] L. Dunlop, J.G. Larwood, C.V. Burek. Geodiversity action plans: A method to facilitate, structure, inform and record action for geodiversity. E. Reynard, J. Brilha (Eds.), Geoheritage, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2018), pp. 53-65, 10.1016/B978-0-12-809531-7.00003-4

[13] I. Fuertes-Gutiérrez, E. Fernández-Martínez. Mapping geosites for geoheritage management: A methodological proposal for the Regional Park of Picos de Europa (León, Spain). Environmental Management, 50 (5) (2012), pp. 789-806, 10.1007/s00267-012-9915-5

[14] Geospatial Information Agency of the Republic Indonesia. Peta Sistem Lahan Indonesia [Indonesianl landsystem map]. Author, Jakarta (2019) (In Indonesian)

[15] Geospatial Information Agency of the Republic Indonesia. Peta Rupa Bumi Indonesia: Batas Administrasi [Indonesian topographical map: administration boundary]. Author, Jakarta (2022) (In Indonesian)

[16] Geospatial Information Agency of the Republic Indonesia. Peta Rupa Bumi Indonesia: Sungai [Indonesian topographical map: River]. Author, Jakarta (2022) (In Indonesian)

[17] M. Gray. Geodiversity: Valuing and conserving abiotic nature. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester (2004)

[18] M. Gray. Geodiversity: The origin and evolution of a paradigm. Geological Society - Special Publications, 300 (2008), pp. 31-36, 10.1144/SP300.4

[19] M. Gray. Other nature: Geodiversity and geosystem services. Environmental Conservation, 38 (3) (2011), pp. 271-274, 10.1017/S0376892911000117

[20] M. Gray. Geodiversity: The backbone of geoheritage and geoconservation. E. Reynard, J. Brilha (Eds.), Geoheritage: protection, and management, Assessment, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2018)

[21] M. Gray, J.E. Gordon, E.J. Brown. Geodiversity and ecosystem approach: The contribution of geosciences in delivering integrated environmental management. Proceedings of the Geologists Association, 124 (4) (2013), pp. 659-673, 10.1016/j.pgeola.2013.01.003

[22] R. Hall, W. Spakman. Mantle structure and tectonic history of SE Asia. Tectonophysics, 658 (2015), pp. 14-45, 10.1016/j.tecto.2015.07.003

[23] H.G. Hartono. Evolusi Bantuan Gunung Api Kompleks G. Ijo, Kulon Progo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Prosiding Seminar Nasional XII Rekayasa Teknologi Industri dan Informasi 2017 Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta. (2017)

[24] E. Haryono, H. Reinhart, A.A. Hakim, A. Sunkar, P. Setiawan. Linking geodiversity and cultural diversity in geoheritage management: Practice from karst of Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat, Indonesia. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 42 (2022), pp. 671-682, 10.30892/gtg.422spl05-876

[25] J.G. Larwood. Local geodiversity action plans. Teaching Earth Science, 30 (4) (2005), pp. 18-20

[26] A. Lima, S. Esperanchia, J. Morris. Geoethics and georesources. C. Vasconlencos, S. Scheineider-Voß, S. Peppoloni (Eds.), Teaching geoethics: Resources for higher education, Geoethics Outcomes and Awareness Learning, Porto (2020), pp. 73-81

[27] M. Mary, K. Florence, M. Mary, K. Christine. Using tows matrix as a strategic decision-making tool in managing KWS product portfolio. African Multidisciplinary Journal of Research, 2 (1) (2017), pp. 1-27

[28] Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic Indonesia. Peta Bentuklahan Indonesia [Map of Indonesia's landforms]. Author, Jakarta (2023) (In Indonesian)

[29] Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic Indonesia. Peta Jenis Tanah Indonesia [Map of Indonesian soil types]. Author, Jakarta (2023) (In Indonesian)

[30] Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic Indonesia. Peta Wilayah Izin Usaha Pertambangan Indonesia [Map of Indonesian mining license area]. Author, Jakarta (2022) (In Indonesian)

[31] Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic Indonesia. Peta Geologi Indonesia [Geological map of Indonesia]. Author, Jakarta (2022) (In Indonesian)

[32] Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic Indonesia. Peta Lahan Kritis Indonesia [Map of Indonesia’s critical lands]. Author, Jakarta (2018) (In Indonesian)

[33] National Land Agency of the Republic Indonesia. Peta Penggunaan Tanah Indonesia [Indonesian land use map]. Author, Jakarta (2018) (In Indonesian)

[34] R.A. Nugrahini, H.G. Hartono, T. Lityani. Paleomorfogenesis Bentang Alam Kompleks Gunung Ijo, Kulonprogo [Paleomorphogenesis of the landscape of Mount Ijo Complex, Kulonprogo]. Journal Technology of Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, Geology, Mining, and Urban Design, 5 (2) (2020), pp. 1-8, 10.33579/krvtk.v5i2.1831

[35] S. Peppoloni, N. Bilham, G. Di Capua. Contemporary geoethics within the geosciences. M. Bohle (Ed.), Exploring geoethics:Ethical implications, societal contexts, and professional obligations of the geosciences, Palgrave Pivot, Cham (2019)

[36] S. Peppoloni, G. Di Capua. The concept of responsibility. S. Peppoloni, G. Di Capua (Eds.), Geoethics: Manifesto for an ethics of responsibility towards the Earth, Springer, Cham (2022), pp. 31-47, 10.1007/978-3-030-98044-3_4

[37] A. Prima Adhitama, R. Heru Jatmiko, E. Tyas Wulan Mei, J. Sartohadi, A. Purwanto, D. Andrasmoro. Dynamics of morphology changes in Progo River due to lahar transport from Merapi volcano. The Indonesian Journal of Geography, 56 (2) (2024), pp. 463-470, 10.22146/ijg.81788

[38] C.D. Prosser, C.V. Burek, D.H. Evans, J.E. Gordon, V.B. Kirkbride, A.F. Rennie, C.A. Walmsley. Conserving geodiversity sites in a changing climate: Management challenges and responses. Geoheritage, 2 (3) (2010), pp. 123-136, 10.1007/s12371-010-0016-7

[39] Region Planning and Development Agency of Yogyakarta Special Region. Peta Sebaran Mataair Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta [Aprings in Special Region of Yogyakarta]. Author, Yogyakarta (2022) (In Indonesian)

[40] Region Planning and Development Agency of Yogyakarta Special Region. Peta Wilayah Lindung Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta [Yogyakarta protection area map]. Author, Yogyakarta (2022) (In Indonesian)

[41] T.L. Saaty. The analytical hierarchy process. McGraw-Hill, New York (1980)

[42] D.S. Santos, K.L. Mansur, J.B. Gonçalves, E.R. Arruda, F.C. Manosso. Quantitative assessment of geodiversity and urban growth impacts in Armação dos Búzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Applied Geography, 85 (2017), pp. 184-195, 10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.03.009

[43] S.D. Saygin. Strategies to enhance sustainability of land resources in arid regions. Arid environments and sustainability. H. Arman I. Yuksel (Eds.), Aridenvirionments and sustainability, IntechOpen, Rijeka (2018), pp. 4-20, 10.5772/intechopen.72492

[44] C. Sharples. Concept and principles of geoconservation. Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, Hobart (2002)

[45] P. Silvia, B. Nic, G. Di Capua. Contemporary geoethics within the geosciences. M. Bohle (Ed.), Exploring geoethics:Ethical implications, societal contexts, and professional obligations of the geosciences, Palgrave Pivot, Cham (2019)

[46] S. Suwardi. Land management, the myth of dewi sri, and the balance of javanese cosmology, an anthropogeographic overview. The Indonesian Journal of Geography, 45 (2) (2013), pp. 158-170

[47] J. Szabó. Anthropogenic geomorphology: Subject and system. J. Szabó L. Dávid, D. Lóczy (Eds.), Anthropogenic geomorphology: A guide to man-made landforms, Springer, Dordrecht (2010), pp. 3-10, 10.1007/978-90-481-3058-0_1

[48] R.W. Van Bemmelen. General geology of Indonesia and adjacent archipelagoes. R.W. Ed.),The geology of Indonesia, Vol. IA, Government Printing Office, The Haque (1949)

[49] H. Weihrich. The TOWS matrix—A tool for situational analysis. Long Range Planning, 15 (2) (1982), pp. 54-64, 10.1016/0024- 6301(82)90120-0

[50] Z. Zwolinski. Geodiversity. A.S. Goudie (Ed.), Encyclopedia of geomorphology, Routledge, London (2004), pp. 417-418