The application prospects of 4D printing tissue engineering materials in oral bone regeneration

Abstract

Researchers have developed smart shape-memory materials that adapt their structure or function to external stimuli. The demand for dynamic oral bone tissue repair is driven by continuous changes in bone and surrounding tissues during the repair process, such as tooth growth, movement, reconstruction of oral soft tissues, and skeletal differences in alveolar and craniofacial bones. These changes challenge the mechanical stability of bone implants and the precision of printing. Consequently, 4D printing technology introduces “time,” allowing pre-programmed changes in material shape or functionality, which enables scaffolds to respond to complex oral environments intelligently, achieving dynamic repair of bone and surrounding tissues. Despite its theoretical benefits in oral bone tissue engineering, the study and use of 4D printing technology is still in its infancy. This review explores the recent advances in 4D printing in dentistry, discussing skeletal structure, etiology of bone defects, and bone repair mechanisms. It also provides an overview of the materials, cells, and growth factors used in 4D printing bone tissue engineering. Thus, by reviewing existing studies, this review provides valuable insights for the future development of 4D printing technology in oral bone tissue engineering.

Keywords

4D printing / Smart responsive materials / Bone tissue engineering / Bone regeneration / Dentistry

Funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32000964), the Guangdong Province Science and Technology Plan Project (2024A1515012265, 2020B1111560001, and 2022A1515140193), the Construction of Hainan Academician Innovation Centre of Guangdong Academy of Sciences (2022GDASZH-2022020402-01).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work; there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service, and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled.

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