3D bioprinting-microfluidics technology: Pioneering advances in tumor microenvironment modeling, cancer treatment optimization, and diagnostic biomarker discovery

Abstract

Conventional tumor models have historically failed to fully recapitulate the intricate pathophysiological complexity and dynamic microenvironment of human malignancies, significantly limiting their translational potential. The recent convergence of microfluidic technology and 3D bioprinting has ushered in a paradigm shift in oncology research, enabling more physiologically relevant models. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the limitations inherent in traditional tumor modeling platforms and elaborates on the fundamental principles underlying microfluidics and additive manufacturing. It systematically explores the integrated applications of 3D-bioprinting–microfluidics systems across three core domains: engineering pathomimetic tumor models, advancing therapeutic screening platforms, and developing high-sensitivity diagnostic tools. This interdisciplinary synergy allows for unprecedented spatiotemporal control over the tumor microenvironment, precise biochemical gradient formation, and seamless integration of functional biosensors. The review further discusses persistent challenges—such as material biocompatibility, fabrication scalability, and the need for standardized validation—and proposes future directions—including the development of multiorgan-on-chip systems, stimuli-responsive biomaterials, and artificial intelligence-enhanced analytical frameworks. The continued integration of 3D bioprinting and microfluidics holds transformative potential for accelerating precision oncology and improving clinical outcomes.  

Keywords

3D printing / Cancer treatment optimization / Diagnostic biomarker discovery / Microfluidic technology / Tumor microenvironment model

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number: 82103260 to K.N.); the Shanghai Rising-Star Program (grant number: 22QA1407100 to K.N.); the Excellent Youth Cultivation Program of Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital (grant number: ynyq202204 to K.N.); and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital (grant number: X-2490 to K.N.).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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