Three-dimensional bioprinting in human-relevant toxicology: Advanced organ models and translational strategies

Abstract

Traditional toxicological testing, which relies on animal models and two-dimensional cell cultures, encounters challenges in accurately predicting human-specific responses due to interspecies variability and the inherent limitations of simplified in vitro systems. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a transformative approach, facilitating the fabrication of physiologically relevant tissue constructs with precise spatial control over cellular and extracellular matrix components. This review critically examines recent advancements in 3D-bioprinted organ models, such as the liver, kidney, and lung, for toxicological assessments, including their applications in drug safety evaluation, environmental pollutant screening, and nanomaterial risk assessment. We further analyze persistent technical barriers concerning resolution limitations, material biocompatibility, and the simulation of multi-organ interactions. Finally, we propose integrative strategies that combine organ-on-a-chip platforms, artificial intelligence-driven design, and standardized validation protocols, aiming to accelerate the translational potential of bioprinted models in regulatory toxicology.

Keywords

Functional simulation / Organ models / Three-dimensional bioprinting / Toxicology testing