Carotene hydroxylase DcCYP97A3 affects carotenoid metabolic flow and taproot color by influencing the conversion of α-carotene to lutein in carrot

Abstract

The color diversity of non-purple carrot taproots is mainly affected by carotenoid species and content. Carrot cytochrome P450 carotene β-ring hydroxylase (DcCYP97A3) may influence carotenoid accumulation in carrots; however, the roles of DcCYP97A3 in carrot remain unclear. Compared to the orange carrot ‘Kurodagosun, KRD’, the yellow carrot ‘Yellowstone, YST’ had greater relative transcript levels of DcCYP97A3. DcCYP97A3 was shown to catalyze the β-ring hydroxylation of α-carotene to create zeaxanthin when it was expressed in Escherichia coli accumulating α- and β-carotene. Expression of the DcCYP97A3 of ‘YST’ in DcCYP97A3 functionally deficient orange carrot ‘KRD’ resulted in yellow taproots, decreased α-carotene and β-carotene content, decreased α-/β-carotene ratio, and increased lutein content. In carrots overexpressing the DcCYP97A3 gene, the transcript levels of DcLCYE and DcLCYB1 were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Gene editing of DcCYP97A3 in ‘YST’ resulted in DcCYP97A3 knockout mutants with significantly reduced levels of lutein and β-carotene and significantly upregulated transcript levels of DcCHXB2 and DcCCD4. These findings advance our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind carrot carotenoid metabolism.

Acknowledgements

The research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (32402551), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20241562), and Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions Project (PAPD).

Author contributions

A.S.X. and H.R.W. initiated and designed the research. H.R.W., R.R.Z., Y.H.W., L.X.W., Y.Q.Z., and J.M. performed the experiments. H.R.W., J.H.Z., M.S., H.L., J.P.T., and Z.S.X. analyzed the data. A.S.X. contributed reagents/materials/−analysis tools. H.R.W. wrote the paper. A.S.X. revised the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Date availability

Data are available in figures of the article and its supplementary materials.

Conflict of interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Supplementary data

Supplementary data is available at Horticulture Research online.

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