Fermented chrysanthemum stem as a source of natural phenolic compounds to alleviate tomato bacterial wilt disease

Abstract

Natural antimicrobial compounds (NACs) in the plant stem are crucial for replacing conventional synthetic pesticides in the control of soil-borne diseases, and microbial fermentation can enhance their concentration and bioactivity. In this study, the stems of 10 plant species were collected for fermentation by probiotic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens T-5 to identify the most effective plant resource for controlling tomato bacterial wilt disease and discover key NACs. Chrysanthemum stem was identified as an optimal fermentation substrate, as its water-soluble extracts (WSEs) significantly inhibited the growth of pathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum and effectively alleviated tomato wilt under greenhouse conditions. Key metabolites, primarily phenolic acids including 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid (PLA), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid (HPPA), and mandelic acid (MA), were determined by metabolomics, all of which significantly inhibited the growth of R. solanacearum at a concentration of 0.2 mM, with only HPPA effectively controlling tomato wilt. Thus, fermented chrysanthemum stem contains NACs that are effective against bacterial wilt, providing a green option for controlling soil-borne diseases.

Acknowledgements

This research was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1702200). We would also like to thank TopEdit (www.topeditsci.com) for linguistic assistance during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author contributions

P.R.: Formal analysis, Data curation, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. P.C.: Data curation, Resources, Methodology. S.G.: Investigation, Resources. X.M.: Data curation, Formal analysis. G.J.: Writing—review & editing. T.Y.: Writing—review & editing. Z.W.: Investigation, Resources. X.W.: Funding acquisition, Writing—review & editing. Y.X.: Supervision, Project administration. Q.S.: Supervision, Project administration.

Data availability statement

The data for this article are available in the article or in its supplementary material.

Conflict of interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data is available at Horticulture Research online.

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