Acknowledgements
We are deeply grateful to Xiang Liu, Na Li, Enxiang Li, Yibo Dong, Morgan Miller, Xiaolong Zhang, Kimberly Shear, and Nolan Ives for DNA extraction and/or flow cytometry analyses; to Stefanie Ickert-Bond, Heini Emilia Rämä, and Erin Tripp for obtaining and shipping herbarium samples from University of Alaska at Fairbanks (ALA), Arctic University Museum of Norway (TROM), and University of Colorado Museum of Natural History (COLO), respectively; to David Boufford, Christian Brochmann, Chuanzhu Fan, Pan Li, Juan Liu, Marilee Lovit, Qing Ma, Andres Qi, Kimberly Shear, Nicholas P Tippery, and Chris Trlica for collecting samples in the field; and to Boka Li, Tan Qin, M. Peters, Stacy M. Smith, and Wenheng Zhang for assistance in field collections or obtaining herbarium samples. This study benefited from an NSF grant to Q.-Y.(J.)X. (DEB-1442161), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32322006), and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Hatch project 02958).
Author contributions
Q.-Y.(J.)X. conceived the project and secured plant samples. W.Z. performed the experiments generating the genetic data. Y.S. performed data analyses and prepared the figures and the manuscript draft. Y.S. and Q.-Y.(J.)X. interpreted the results and wrote the manuscript. All authors read, edited, and approved the final manuscript.
Data availability
The raw DNA sequencing reads of the 374 dwarf dogwoods have been deposited at the SRA repository under bioproject number PRJNA1167660. The supplementary data and methods generated in this study are available from the Dryad Digital Repository:
http://datadryad.org/stash/share/7xnlhK-4MR0v34GlIBQFBDZ1uOymEJDInz7JsRyatQw. Additional data (e.g., SNP data matrices) related to this research are available from the first author.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Supplementary Data
Supplementary data is available at Horticulture Research online.
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