Elucidation of the key flavonol biosynthetic pathway in golden Camellia and its application in genetic modification of tomato fruit metabolism Open Access

Abstract

Golden Camellia refers to a group of species in the genus Camellia that display yellow petals. The secondary metabolites in these petals hold ornamental significance and potential health benefits. However, the biosynthetic mechanisms governing the synthesis of these metabolites in golden petals remain elusive, and the exploitation of their bioactive components is not fully realized. This research involved the collection and analysis of 23 species of golden Camellia, leading to the discovery that flavonols, particularly quercetin 3-O-glucoside and quercetin 7-O-glucoside, are the primary contributors to the golden flower pigmentation. Integrative transcriptomics and coexpression network analyses pinpointed CnFLS1 as a crucial gene in the biosynthetic pathway, which, in conjunction with CnCHS, CnF3’H, and CnUFGT, orchestrates the specific pathway for flower color development. The enzyme assays revealed a high affinity and catalytic efficiency of CnFLS1 for DHQ, and transient expression of CnFLS1 in tobacco was shown to enhance the biosynthesis of quercetin flavonols, highlighting the pathway specificity in golden Camellia. Moreover, strategic transformations of cultivated tomatoes with various biosynthetic genes yielded transgenic lines exhibiting yellow fruit and quercetin-enriched flesh. These modified lines not only contained distinct flavonol components characteristic of golden Camellia but also demonstrated markedly improved antioxidant capabilities and enhanced resistance. The outcomes of this study not only elucidate the metabolic processes underlying the pigmentation of golden Camellia flowers but also provide a foundation for the development of novel tomato breeds through synthetic biology.

Acknowledgements

We thank professor Yaoguang Liu’s laboratory (South China Agriculture University) for providing the TGS II system vectors and competent cells. This study was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang province, China (Grant No. LZ22C150005) and the Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study (SN-ZJU-SIAS-0011).

Author contributions

L.N.J., P.X.F., H.F.Y., and J.Y.L. designed the experiments. L.N.J., Z.Q.F., Y.F.G., L.Q.H., and W.X.Z. conducted the experiments. X.Y.X., J.C., S.F., and X.L.L. provided guidance for the experiment. P.X.F. and H.F.Y. supervised this study. L.N.J. and P.X.F. wrote the paper with the input of all the authors. All authors have approved this manuscript.

Data availability statement

The data that supports the findings of this study are available in the supplementary material of this article.

Conflict of interests

All authors declare no competing interests.

Supplementary Data

Supplementary data is available at Horticulture Research online.

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