Translation and psychometric validation of the Chinese version of the happiness scale for middle-aged women

Abstract

Background:Culturally appropriate instruments to assess subjective happiness among middle-aged women in China are lacking.
Objective:To translate and culturally adapt the Happiness Scale for Middle-Aged Women (HAS-MW) to Chinese and evaluate its psychometric properties.Study design:This was a cross-sectional psychometric validation study.
Methods:The Korean version of the HAS-MW was forward translated into Chinese. Following Brislin’s translation model, it was then back-translated and adapted culturally. The Chinese version of the HAS-MW was administered to 310 participants using convenience sampling. The psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated based on content validity, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, criterion validity, and construct validity.
Results:The Chinese version of the HAS-MW consisted of 24 items loaded onto four factors (Self-value, Positive thought, Self-management, Family relations), explaining 65.8 % of the total variance. The factor loadings ranged from 0.56 to 0.84. Cronbach’s α was 0.92. The scale showed good fit indices in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and was strongly correlated with the General Well-Being Schedule (r = 0.88, P < 0.001).
Conclusions:The culturally adapted Chinese version of the HAS-MW demonstrated good reliability and validity and was suitable for measuring subjective happiness in middle-aged Chinese women.

Keywords

Factor analysis / Female / Happiness / Happiness scale for middle-aged women / Middle aged / Validation study

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Zhang Hailian: Writing -review & editing, Supervision, Methodology, Conceptualization. Hongyang Liu: Writing -original draft, Validation, Software, Methodology, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Kexin Cai: Resources, Investigation, Data curation. Jinyang Wang: Resources, Investigation, Data curation. Junying Chen: Resources, Investigation, Data curation. All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Ethics approval

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Yanbian University School of Medicine (approval No. 2021122X). All procedures followed the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2013 and relevant national guidelines for research involving human subjects. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants.

Funding

Research Project on Nursing Science of the Chinese Medical Journals Publishing House [grant number: CMAPH-NRI2021028], 2021-2022.

Data availability

De-identified data supporting the findings of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy and ethical restrictions.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declared that no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

None.

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