A survey of acoustic eavesdropping attacks: Principle, methods, and progress

Abstract

In today’s information age, eavesdropping has been one of the most serious privacy threats in information security, such as exodus spyware (Rudie et al., 2021) and pegasus spyware (Anatolyevich, 2020). And the main one of them is acoustic eavesdropping. Acoustic eavesdropping (George and Sagayarajan, 2023) is a technology that uses microphones, sensors, or other devices to collect and process sound signals and convert them into readable information. Although much research has been done in this area, there is still a lack of comprehensive investigation into the timeliness of this technology, given the continuous advancement of technology and the rapid development of eavesdropping methods. In this article, we have given a selective overview of acoustic eavesdropping, focusing on the methods of acoustic eavesdropping. More specifically, we divide acoustic eavesdropping into three categories: motion sensor-based acoustic eavesdropping, optical sensor-based acoustic eavesdropping, and RF-based acoustic eavesdropping. Within these three representative frameworks, we review the results of acoustic eavesdropping according to the type of equipment they use and the physical principles of each. Secondly, we also introduce several important but challenging applications of these acoustic eavesdropping methods. In addition, we compared the systems that meet the requirements of acoustic eavesdropping in real-world scenarios from multiple perspectives, including whether they are non-intrusive, whether they can achieve unconstrained word eavesdropping, and whether they use machine learning, etc. The general template of our article is as follows: firstly, we systematically review and classify the existing eavesdropping technologies, elaborate on their working mechanisms, and give corresponding formulas. Then, these eavesdropping methods were compared and analyzed, and each method’s effectiveness and technical difficulty were evaluated from multiple dimensions. In addition to an assessment of the current state of the field, we discuss the current shortcomings and challenges and give a fruitful direction for the future of acoustic eavesdropping research. We hope to continue to inspire researchers in this direction.

Keywords

Acoustic eavesdropping / Attack scenarios and threat models / Acoustic side-channel attacks

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Yiwei Chen: Methodology, Writing - original draft. Wenhao Li: Investigation, Writing - review & editing. Xiuzhen Cheng: Supervision, Writing - review & editing. Pengfei Hu: Funding acquisition, Methodology, Supervision, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFB3100400), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62202276, 62232010), and Shandong Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars (2022HWYQ-038) and Shandong Science Fund (2023TSGC0105).

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