Electrical stimulation: Biological insights and therapeutic applications

Abstract

Electrical stimulation (ES) has emerged as a versatile modality in biomedical research, primarily due to its ability to modulate cellular activities across the cell membrane. As a barrier to electrical signals, the cell membrane plays a crucial role in healing, tissue regeneration, and cancer treatment. This review highlights the cellular processes involved in ES, focusing on the changes within and across the membrane, including effects on proteins, ions, and signaling pathways. ES regulates membrane potential and ion flow, such as calcium and sodium ions, which are essential for intercellular signaling and cell survival. In addition, ES facilitates electroporation, enhancing membrane permeability to allow controlled drug and gene delivery. It also modulates receptor sensitivity and cellular signaling efficiency by altering the lipid bilayer configuration and protein conformation. The applications of ES are extensive, including its use in wound healing, nerve regeneration, and as an adjunct to cancer treatments. Bioelectric Meridian Therapy, a new approach, employs ES for pain control, tissue repair stimulation, and energy flow regulation. Nevertheless, ES faces limitations such as heterogeneity in cellular responses, challenges in determining optimal stimulus parameters, and concerns regarding long-term safety. To address these issues, there is a need for real-time adaptive systems and personalized ES protocols to achieve safety and efficacy in all therapeutic settings. A deeper understanding of ES-cell membrane interactions can improve the current therapeutic paradigm and enhance the effectiveness of ES- based treatments. Further research is necessary to establish patient-specific ES parameters and integrate them into the precision medicine frameworks, minimizing side effects and improving treatment outcomes.

Keywords

Neuromodulation / Electroceutical / Bioelectric therapy / Membrane dynamics / Electrical field applications

Funding

None.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare they have no competing interests to declare.

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