Research progress on selective flocculation–flotation of fine-grained minerals

Abstract

Fine-grained minerals, characterized by small particle size, large specific surface area, and high surface energy, often exhibit low bubble–particle collision efficiency, extensive nonselective reagent adsorption, and complex pulp rheology during flotation. These factors significantly reduce separation efficiency and mineral recovery. Selective flocculation–flotation relies on the selective adsorption and bridging action of polymer flocculants to aggregate fine particles into larger flocs, thereby enhancing bubble–particle collision and attachment efficiency. It is therefore considered a key technology for the effective recovery of fine-grained minerals. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the selective flocculation–flotation of fine-grained minerals. It first examines the physicochemical characteristics of these minerals and their influence on flotation behavior, and then elucidates the multiscale mechanisms governing flotation efficiency and selectivity, including interfacial chemistry, particle interactions, and pulp hydrodynamics. Based on this, the theoretical foundations and key mechanisms of selective flocculation–flotation are discussed, followed by an overview of the structural features, functional principles, and application progress of various polymer flocculants in iron ore, copper ore, and tailings treatment systems. Finally, key challenges in current research are identified, future directions are proposed, including the rational design of highly selective flocculants, clarification of interfacial mechanisms, synergistic regulation of composite reagent systems, and industrial-scale validation under complex pulp conditions. These insights aim to support the efficient separation of fine-grained minerals and promote the sustainable utilization of complex mineral resources.

Keywords

Fine-grained minerals / Selective flocculation–flotation / Polymer flocculant / Mineral processing / Resource utilization

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