Advancements and sustainable approaches in high-purity quartz production: A comprehensive review of emerging technologies

Abstract

Quartz is a vital raw material for advanced industries, with high-purity quartz (HPQ, greater than or equal to 99.99% SiO₂) being indispensable in semiconductor manufacturing, photovoltaic cells, optical fibers, and medical technologies. This review critically examines the evolution of HPQ purification technologies, highlighting their mechanisms, efficiencies, and sustainability challenges. Traditional chemical methods such as hydrofluoric acid leaching and chlorination remove impurities but pose significant environmental and safety risks. Thermal treatments, including high-temperature annealing (higher than 1000 °C), deliver improved crystallinity but require substantial energy input. Physical approaches, including flotation, grinding, and magnetic separation, are more environmentally friendly but insufficient for achieving semiconductor-grade purity. Recent innovations, particularly hybrid processes such as microwave-assisted leaching and bioleaching, have demonstrated notable improvements in impurity removal and resource optimization. However, challenges remain in managing complex mineralogy, high reagent consumption, and operational costs. Beyond purification, this review also evaluates the scalability, environmental impact, and potential of sustainable strategies to meet the growing global demand for HPQ. By consolidating applications, purification pathways, and associated challenges into a unified framework, this review provides a comprehensive foundation for advancing both technological innovation and sustainable practices in HPQ production.

Keywords

High-purity quartz / Adsorption mechanism / Purification methods / Quartz phase transition / Quantum technologies / Surface modification

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