Innovative approach to green mining: Integration of drone technology, GIS, and ERT for basalt extraction and CO₂ storage in Bagrote Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan

Abstract

This study investigated the dual potential of basalt deposits for dimensional stone quarrying and CO₂ sequestration. The integrated approach combined unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys for surface modeling; electrical resistivity imaging (ERI), particularly vertical electrical sounding (VES) surveys for subsurface modeling; and a geographic information system (GIS) for area, volume, tonnage, and phase design. UAVs, in conjunction with GIS, provide high-resolution 3D models including digital terrain models (DTMs), digital elevation models (DEMs), and contour maps. These models were used to design a primary quarry while optimizing dimensional stone extraction and minimizing waste. The total area of the deposit is 1.46 km², the volume is 88.08 × 10⁶ m³, and the total extractable material is 255.45 × 10⁶ t across eight phases. The ERI/VES survey identified three distinct lithological layers: fresh, fractured, and weathered basalts. The fresh basalt zone guides the extraction strategies for dimensional stones, whereas the fractured zone represents the optimal target for CO₂ injection and storage. The low-resistivity weathered zone functions as an impermeable cap rock and prevents the upward migration of injected CO₂. A geochemical analysis revealed a composition comparable to those of world-renowned CO₂ sequestration sites, with 24.6%–28.2% of the mass composed of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Fe²⁺ cations. The estimated CO₂ storage capacity is 0.211 × 10⁶ t, with each kilogram capable of storing 0.8 g of CO₂. This pioneering study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating carbon capture initiatives with conventional mining operations. It presents a model for sustainable resource utilization, particularly in mountainous regions with fragile ecosystems.

Keywords

Sustainable mining / CO₂ sequestration / Mineral carbonation / Industrial drones / Aerial mapping / 3D virtual area models / Basalt deposits

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