Advances in mineral-based composite phase change materials for energy storage: A review^☆

Abstract

Phase change materials offer high energy-storage density and maintain a constant temperature during energy storage; however, they face many challenges, such as leakage issues and low thermal conductivity in practical applications. Minerals have excellent thermal and chemical stability, high mechanical strength, good thermal conductivity, and natural porous structures and are increasingly used in composite phase change materials (CPCMs). This review summarizes methods for the preparation and optimization of mineral-based CPCMs. Additionally, we highlight their promising practical applications, including high-temperature energy storage, building energy efficiency, and waste heat recovery, while also discussing future development prospects.

Keywords

Mineral materials / Phase change materials / Thermal conversion / Energy storage

References

[1] X.G. Zhang, H.T. Liu, Z.H. Huang, Z.Y. Yin, R.L. Wen, X. Min, Y.T. Huang, Y.G. Liu, M.H. Fang, X.W. Wu, Preparation and characterization of the properties of polyethylene glycol@Si₃N₄ nanowires as phase-change materials , Chem. Eng. J. 301 (2016) 229-237.

[2] Z.J. Guo, F.K. Lin, J.X. Qiao, X.J. Liu, M.Y. Liu, Z.H. Huang, R.Y. Mi, X. Min, Y.F. Xu, L.F. Wang, A modified kapok fiber based phase change composite for highly-efficient solar-thermal conversion, Nano Energy 108 (2023) 108205.

[3] X.J. Liu, F.K. Lin, G.Q. Leng, M.Y. Liu, J. Feng, Y.N. Bai, Z.J. Guo, Y.F. Xu, Z.H. Sun, Z.H. Huang, X. Min, J.X. Qiao, A high thermal conductive composite phase change film for flexible solar/electro-thermal energy conversion, J. Energy Storage 73 (2023) 108959.

[4] X.Q. Fan, J.Q. Xiao, W.T. Wang, Y.A. Zhang, S.F. Zhang, B.T. Tang, Novel magnetic-to-thermal conversion and thermal energy management composite phase change material, Polymers 10 (6) (2018) 585.

[5] Z.C. Chai, M.H. Fang, X. Min, Composite phase-change materials for photothermal conversion and energy storage: a review, Nano Energy 124 (2024) 109437.

[6] Z.C. Chai, M.H. Fang, X. Min, Z.H. Huang, Metallurgical slag modified monolayer graphene hybrid SA-based composite phase change materials for high thermal conductivity, J. Alloy. Compd. 972 (2024) 172762.

[7] X. Li, Y.J. Zhao, X. Min, J. Xiao, X.W. Wu, R.Y. Mi, Y.G. Liu, Z.H. Huang, M.H. Fang, Carbon nanotubes modified graphene hybrid Aerogel-based composite phase change materials for efficient thermal storage, Energy Build. 273 (2022) 112384.

[8] Y.J. Zhao, K. Zhang, X. Min, J. Xiao, Z.L. Xu, Z.H. Huang, Y.G. Liu, X.W. Wu, M.H. Fang, Graphene aerogel stabilized phase change material for thermal energy storage, Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 40 (2022) 102497.

[9] X.G. Zhang, D.A. Pan, G.Q. Zhu, Preparation and characterization of form-stable phase-change materials with enhanced thermal conductivity based on nano-Al₂O₃ modified binary fatty acids and expanded perlite , Energy Build. 271 (2022) 112330.

[10] Y. Deng, J.H. Li, T.T. Qian, W.M. Guan, X. Wang, Preparation and characterization of KNO₃/diatomite shape-stabilized composite phase change material for high temperature thermal energy storage , J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 33 (2) (2017) 198-203.

[11] H. Wang, Y. Deng, F.Z. Wu, X.Y. Dai, W.H. Wang, Y. Mai, Y.J. Gu, Y.L. Liu, Effect of dopamine-modified expanded vermiculite on phase change behavior and heat storage characteristic of polyethylene glycol, Chem. Eng. J. 415 (2021) 128992.

[12] Y. Zhou, X.J. Wang, X.D. Liu, D.K. Sheng, F.C. Ji, L. Dong, S.B. Xu, H.H. Wu, Y.M. Yang, Polyurethane-based solid-solid phase change materials with halloysite nanotubes-hybrid graphene aerogels for efficient light- and electro-thermal conversion and storage, Carbon 142 (2019) 558-566.

[13] D.K. Li, Y.L. Tang, X.C. Zuo, X.Y. Zhang, X.G. Zhao, Y.T. Zhang, H.M. Yang, Functionally constructed magnetic-dielectric mineral microspheres for efficient thermal energy storage and microwave absorption, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 650 (2023) 764-774.

[14] D.K. Li, X.C. Zuo, X.Y. Zhang, Y.L. Tang, X.G. Zhao, Y.T. Zhang, H.M. Yang, Emerging urchin-like core-shell mineral microspheres with efficient photothermal conversion and solar energy storage, J. Energy Storage 68 (2023) 107661.

[15] Y.W. Chang, X.Y. Yao, Y.Y. Chen, L. huang, D.Q. Zou, Review on ceramic-based composite phase change materials: Preparation, characterization and application, Compos. Part B Eng. 254 (2023) 110584.

[16] C. Pan, X.F. Li, G.Z. Fan, Y.F. Long, Q.P. Chen, H.T. Yang, F.F. Wu, Modified mica-supported phase change materials for efficient solar thermal conversion and thermal energy management, Appl. Therm. Eng. 236 (2024) 121701.

[17] L.Z. Jin, Q.Q. Han, J.A. Wang, S. Wang, H.B. Wang, X. Cheng, X.S. Du, Z.L. Du, Fe₃O₄-functionalized κ-carrageenan/melanin hybrid aerogel-supported form-stable phase-change composites with excellent solar/magnetic-thermal conversion efficiency and enhanced thermal conductivity , ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 11 (2) (2023) 649-659.

[18] J.J. Wu, M.X. Wang, L. Dong, J. Shi, M. Ohyama, Y. Kohsaka, C.H. Zhu, H. Morikawa, A trimode thermoregulatory flexible fibrous membrane designed with hierarchical core-sheath fiber structure for wearable personal thermal management, ACS Nano 16 (8) (2022) 12801-12812.

[19] X.G. Zhao, X.C. Zuo, H.M. Yang, Advances in nanoclay-based form stable phase change materials: a review, Adv. Mater. Technol. 8 (19) (2023) 2300961.

[20] D.C. Gao, Y.J. Sun, A.M. Fong, X.B. Gu, Mineral-based form-stable phase change materials for thermal energy storage: a state-of-the art review, Energy Storage Mater. 46 (2022) 100-128.

[21] Z.H. Zeng, Y. Dong, S.H. Yuan, W.Q. Zhao, L. Wang, S.B. Liu, Y. Yang, P. Ge, W. Sun, X.B. Ji, Natural mineral compounds in energy-storage systems: Development, challenges, prospects, Energy Storage Mater. 45 (2022) 442-464.

[22] L.Q. Wang, W.D. Liang, Y. Liu, Y.Q. Wang, W.X. Mu, C.J. Wang, H.X. Sun, Z.Q. Zhu, A. Li, Carbonized clay pectin-based aerogel for light-to-heat conversion and energy storage, Appl. Clay Sci. 224 (2022) 106524.

[23] R.W. Zheng, H.J. Zhou, C.X. Li, J. Li, Synergistic phase change and heat conduction of low melting-point alloy microparticle additives in expanded graphite shape-stabilized organic phase change materials, Chem. Eng. J. 482 (2024) 149009.

[24] L.J. Song, Y.K. Yang, H.P. Hu, Y.T. Wang, X.L. Jia, L.X. Sun, F. Xu, B. Li, T. Yu, H.Z. Zhang, J.L. Zeng, Z. Cao, Thermodynamic study on expanded graphite-based multifunctional composite phase change materials for personal thermal management and medical protection, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 149 (2) (2024) 595-607.

[25] S.S.A. Shuaib, W.Z. Yuan, Hierarchical magnetic porous carbonized wood composite phase change materials for efficient solar-thermal, electrothermal, and magnetothermal conversion-storage, Mater. Today Commun. 37 (2023) 107486.

[26] S.K. Song, L.J. Dong, S. Chen, H.A. Xie, C.X. Xiong, Stearic-capric acid eutectic/activated-attapulgiate composite as form-stable phase change material for thermal energy storage, Energy Convers. Manag. 81 (2014) 306-311.

[27] Y. Wang, Y.H. Song, S. Li, T. Zhang, D.Y. Zhang, P.R. Guo, Thermophysical properties of three-dimensional palygorskite based composite phase change materials, Appl. Clay Sci. 184 (2020) 105367.

[28] W. Yin, M. Liu, Y.Y. Chen, Q.Z. Yao, S.Q. Fu, G.T. Zhou, Microwave-assisted preparation of Mn₃O₄@sepiolite nanocomposite for highly efficient removal of uranium , Appl. Clay Sci. 228 (2022) 106597.

[29] C.C. Li, X.K. Peng, J.J. He, J. Chen, Modified sepiolite stabilized stearic acid as a form-stable phase change material for thermal energy storage, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 30 (9) (2023) 1835-1845.

[30] H.X. Xiang, J.L. Zhou, Y.K. Zhang, M.T. Innocent, M.F. Zhu, Polyethylene glycol infused acid-etched halloysite nanotubes for melt-spun polyamide-based composite phase change fibers, Appl. Clay Sci. 182 (2019) 105249.

[31] D.D. Mei, B. Zhang, R.C. Liu, H.Q. Zhang, J.D. Liu, Preparation of stearic acid/halloysite nanotube composite as form-stable PCM for thermal energy storage, Int. J. Energy Res. 35 (9) (2011) 828-834.

[32] X.K. Ma, C.Y. Yang, X.J. Feng, H.S. Shang, Y.F. Zhao, B. Zhang, Halloysite-based aerogels for efficient encapsulation of phase change materials with excellent solar energy storage and retrieval performance, Appl. Energy 341 (2023) 121101.

[33] T. Zhang, T.D. Zhang, J. Zhang, D.Y. Zhang, P.R. Guo, H.X. Li, C.L. Li, Y. Wang, Design of stearic acid/graphene oxide-attapulgite aerogel shape-stabilized phase change materials with excellent thermophysical properties, Renew. Energy 165 (2021) 504-513.

[34] A. Sarı, M. Ouikhalfan, H. Chehouani, G. Hekimoğlu, A. Bicer, A. Al-Ahmed, F.A. Al-Sulaiman, V.V. Tyagi, Form-stabilized polyethylene glycol/palygorskite composite phase change material: Thermal energy storage properties, cycling stability, and thermal durability, Polym. Eng. Sci. 60 (5) (2020) 909-916.

[35] D. Yang, F. Peng, H.R. Zhang, H.J. Guo, L. Xiong, C. Wang, S.L. Shi, X.D. Chen, Preparation of palygorskite paraffin nanocomposite suitable for thermal energy storage, Appl. Clay Sci. 126 (2016) 190-196.

[36] J.B. Shi, M. Li, Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene glycol/modified attapulgite form-stable composite phase change material for thermal energy storage, Sol. Energy 205 (2020) 62-73.

[37] H.Y. Gao, J.J. Wang, X. Chen, G. Wang, X.B. Huang, A. Li, W.J. Dong, Nanoconfinement effects on thermal properties of nanoporous shape-stabilized composite PCMs: a review, Nano Energy 53 (2018) 769-797.

[38] O. Gencel, M. Harja, A. Sarı, G. Hekimoğlu, A. Ustaoğlu, M. Sutcu, E. Erdogmus, G. Kaplan, O.Y. Bayraktar, Development, characterization, and performance analysis of shape-stabilized phase change material included-geopolymer for passive thermal management of buildings, Int. J. Energy Res. 46 (15) (2022) 21841-21855.

[39] P.Z. Lv, C.Z. Liu, Z.H. Rao, Review on clay mineral-based form-stable phase change materials: preparation, characterization and applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 68 (2017) 707-726.

[40] F. Zhou, C.J. Yan, Y. Zhang, J.J. Tan, H.Q. Wang, S. Zhou, S. Pu, Purification and defibering of a Chinese sepiolite, Appl. Clay Sci. 124 (2016) 119-126.

[41] C. Cheng, L. Ma, J. Ren, L.L. Li, G.F. Zhang, Q.G. Yang, C.S. Zhao, Preparation of polyethersulfone-modified sepiolite hybrid particles for the removal of environmental toxins, Chem. Eng. J. 171 (3) (2011) 1132-1142.

[42] E. Sabah, M.S. Çelik, Adsorption mechanism of quaternary amines by sepiolite, Sep. Sci. Technol. 37 (13) (2002) 3081-3097.

[43] A.S. Özcan, A. Tetik, Özcan, Adsorption of acid dyes from aqueous solutions onto sepiolite, Sep. Sci. Technol. 39 (2) (2005) 301-320.

[44] A. Abbasi, S. Mehdipour-Ataei, Novel sepiolite-based poly(amide-imide) nanocomposites: preparation and properties, Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 53 (6) (2014) 596-603.

[45] M. Kotal, A.K. Bhowmick, Polymer nanocomposites from modified clays: recent advances and challenges, Prog. Polym. Sci. 51 (2015) 127-187.

[46] W.T. Yan, W.B. Ye, J. Du, Y.X. Hong, Improvement of acid modification and its effect on the adsorption of stearic acid into sepiolite, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 147 (4) (2022) 3025-3032.

[47] Y. Luo, S.Y. Xiong, J.T. Huang, F. Zhang, C.C. Li, Y.G. Min, R.T. Peng, Y.D. Liu, Preparation, characterization and performance of paraffin/sepiolite composites as novel shape-stabilized phase change materials for thermal energy storage, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 231 (2021) 111300.

[48] X.L. Zhu, V. Vinokurov, D. Kopitsyn, D.G. Shchukin, Sepiolite nanocarriers as a matrix for controlled thermal energy storage, ACS Omega 6 (39) (2021) 25828-25834.

[49] J. Tully, R. Yendluri, Y. Lvov, Halloysite clay nanotubes for enzyme immobilization, Biomacromolecules 17 (2) (2016) 615-621.

[50] H.A. Kadir, N.H.H. Abu Bakar, N.A. Sabri, F.H. Abdullah, M. Abu Bakar, H. Furuno, N. Saito, Silver nanoparticles incorporated in dicarboxylic/TEPA modified halloysite nanotubes for the degradation of organic contaminants, Appl. Surf. Sci. 531 (2020) 147417.

[51] B.C. Guo, F. Chen, Y.D. Lei, X.L. Liu, J.J. Wan, D.M. Jia, Styrene-butadiene rubber/halloysite nanotubes nanocomposites modified by sorbic acid, Appl. Surf. Sci. 255 (16) (2009) 7329-7336.

[52] M. Li, B.Y. Mu, Fabrication and characterization of capric acid/reduced graphene oxide decorated diatomite composite phase change materials for solar energy storage, R. Soc. Open Sci. 6 (1) (2019) 181664.

[53] K. Chattrairat, C. Rungnim, D. Phromyothin, Investigation of functional graphene/cypermethrin pesticide molecules by using density functional theory calculation, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18 (10) (2018) 6786-6790.

[54] Y.M. Lvov, M.M. DeVilliers, R.F. Fakhrullin, The application of halloysite tubule nanoclay in drug delivery, Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 13 (7) (2016) 977-986.

[55] M.Y. Kang, W. Lin, C.C. Liang, J.L. Zeng, Y.P. Wang, Y. Guan, J.J. Cheng, Construction of ammonium polyphosphate-modified halloysite nanotubes on phase change material microcapsules for the enhancement of thermophysical performance and flame retardant properties, Appl. Therm. Eng. 239 (2024) 122160.

[56] W.S. Yang, R.H. Lin, X.X. Li, C.B. Li, Y.H. Wu, G.Q. Zhang, X.Z. Liu, S.B. Li, Y.Z. Wang, High thermal conductive and anti-leakage composite phase change material with halloysite nanotube for battery thermal management system, J. Energy Storage 66 (2023) 107372.

[57] T.T. Zhang, B. Xu, Z.Q. Chen, Effect of halloysite nanotubes on the conformation and thermal properties of shape-stable phase change materials: a molecular dynamics study, Mater. Today Commun. 33 (2022) 104180.

[58] H. Ai, L.D. Lv, T.R. Chen, Y. Zhang, L.J. Dong, S.K. Song, An eco-friendly and facile montmorillonite nanosheets aerogel based phase change materials for efficient solar-to-thermal energy conversion, Energy Convers. Manag. 253 (2022) 115172.

[59] W.Z. Jin, L.H. Jiang, L. Chen, Y. Gu, M.Z. Guo, L. Han, X.Q. Ben, H.H. Yuan, Z.X. Lin, Preparation and characterization of capric-stearic acid/montmorillonite/graphene composite phase change material for thermal energy storage in buildings, Constr. Build. Mater. 301 (2021) 124102.

[60] K. Peng, H.J. Wang, P.F. Wan, J.W. Wang, H. Luo, S.H. Zhou, X.Y. Li, J. Yang, Graphene modified montmorillonite based phase change material for thermal energy storage with enhanced interfacial thermal transfer, ChemistrySelect 5 (20) (2020) 6040-6047.

[61] Y. Zhang, Z.W. Chen, Y.N. Zhang, Y.H. Su, S. Riffat, Parameter control in synthesis of Vermiculite-CaCl₂ composite materials for thermochemical adsorption heat storage , Energy 291 (2024) 130478.

[62] M.Q. Wang, S.Y. Liu, W. Gao, M. Zhou, Synthesis and characterization of Capric acid-Lauric acid/expanded vermiculite as a phase change composite for thermal energy storage, J. Energy Storage 78 (2024) 110091.

[63] G.H. Zhang, Y. Sun, C.X. Wu, X.Y. Yan, W.M. Zhao, C.X. Peng, Low-cost and highly thermally conductive lauric acid-paraffin-expanded graphite multifunctional composite phase change materials for quenching thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery, Energy Rep. 9 (2023) 2538-2547.

[64] G. Abdeali, K. Mazaheri, L.S. Ahmadi, A.R. Bahramian, Effect of expanded graphite surface modification on phase change materials nanocomposites thermal protection efficiency, Polym. Compos. 43 (4) (2022) 1974-1984.

[65] M. Zanetti, S. Lomakin, G. Camino, Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites, Macromol. Mater. Eng. 279 (1) (2000) 1-9.

[66] L.A. Utracki, M. Sepehr, E. Boccaleri, Synthetic, layered nanoparticles for polymeric nanocomposites (PNCs), Polym. Adv. Technol. 18 (1) (2007) 1-37.

[67] R. Liu, Y. Peng, J.Z. Cao, Thermal stability of organo-montmorillonite-modified wood flour/poly(lactic acid) composites, Polym. Compos. 37 (7) (2016) 1971-1977.

[68] J.H. Zhu, Q. An, Q.J. Guo, H. Yi, L. Xia, S.X. Song, Mechanically strong hectorite aerogel encapsulated octadecane as shape-stabilized phase change materials for thermal energy storage and management, Appl. Clay Sci. 223 (2022) 106511.

[69] H. Yi, L. Xia, S.X. Song, Three-dimensional montmorillonite/Ag nanowire aerogel supported stearic acid as composite phase change materials for superior solar-thermal energy harvesting and storage, Compos. Sci. Technol. 217 (2022) 109121.

[70] Q.J. Guo, Q. An, H. Yi, F.F. Jia, S.X. Song, Double-layered montmorillonite/MoS₂ aerogel with vertical channel for efficient and stable solar interfacial desalination , Appl. Clay Sci. 217 (2022) 106389.

[71] W. Wang, Y.L. Zhao, H.Y. Bai, T.T. Zhang, V. Ibarra-Galvan, S.X. Song, Methylene blue removal from water using the hydrogel beads of poly(vinyl alcohol)-sodium alginate-chitosan-montmorillonite, Carbohydr. Polym. 198 (2018) 518-528.

[72] L.M. Wu, Q.X. Liu, X.L. Wang, S.Y. Cao, N. Tang, Q. Wang, G.C. Lv, L.B. Liao, Preparation of two-dimensional nano montmorillonite/stearic acid energy storage composites with excellent stability and heat storage property, Appl. Clay Sci. 191 (2020) 105614.

[73] D.L. Fan, Y. Meng, D.N. Shen, Y.F. Cao, K.L. Chen, L.W. Qian, J. Liu, Q. Zhao, Form-stable phase-change materials supported by 1-octadecylamine-modified montmorillonite for latent heat storage, Int. J. Energy Res. 45 (6) (2021) 8871-8881.

[74] K. Wang, C. Liu, W.X. Xie, Y.H. Ke, X.Y. You, B.H. Jing, Y.Q. Shi, Effects of ammonium polyphosphate and organic modified montmorillonite on flame retardancy of polyethylene glycol/wood-flour-based phase change composites, Molecules 28 (8) (2023) 3464.

[75] Y. Sun, X.Z. Yuan, J.B. Wen, Z.X. Yang, The surface and interlayer modification of montmorillonite and its potential application for thermal energy storage, Renew. Energy 225 (2024) 120282.

[76] F. Koksal, O. Gencel, W. Brostow, H.E.Hagg Lobland, Effect of high temperature on mechanical and physical properties of lightweight cement based refractory including expanded vermiculite, Mater. Res. Innov. 16 (1) (2012) 7-13.

[77] Y. Rakhila, A. Elmchaouri, A. Mestari, S. Korili, M. Abouri, A. Gil, Adsorption recovery of Ag(I) and Au(III) from an electronics industry wastewater on a clay mineral composite, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 26 (6) (2019) 673-680.

[78] C. Marcos, I. Rodríguez, Expansion behaviour of commercial vermiculites at 1000°C, Appl. Clay Sci. 48 (3) (2010) 492-498.

[79] A. Obut, İ. Girgin, Hydrogen peroxide exfoliation of vermiculite and phlogopite, Miner. Eng. 15 (9) (2002) 683-687.

[80] N. Zhang, Y.P. Yuan, T.Y. Li, X.L. Cao, X.J. Yang, Study on thermal property of lauric-palmitic-stearic acid/vermiculite composite as form-stable phase change material for energy storage, Adv. Mech. Eng. 7 (9) (2015) 1687814015605023.

[81] P.K.S. Rathore, S.K. Shukla, Improvement in thermal properties of PCM/Expanded vermiculite/expanded graphite shape stabilized composite PCM for building energy applications, Renew. Energy 176 (2021) 295-304.

[82] C. Cárdenas-Ramírez, M. Gómez, F. Jaramillo, Characterization of a porous mineral as a promising support for shape-stabilized phase change materials, J. Energy Storage 26 (2019) 101041.

[83] S.Y. Zhao, J.H. Li, M.Y. He, S. Song, Effects of dopamine-modified and organic intercalation on the thermophysical properties of octadecane/expanded vermiculite composite phase change materials, ACS Omega 7 (16) (2022) 13538-13545.

[84] S. Song, J.H. Li, Z.W. Yang, C.D. Wang, Enhancement of thermo-physical properties of expanded vermiculite-based organic composite phase change materials for improving the thermal energy storage efficiency, ACS Omega 6 (5) (2021) 3891-3899.

[85] Z.W. Yang, J.H. Li, X.Z. Luan, S. Song, Effects of acid leaching and organic intercalation on the thermophysical properties of paraffin/expanded vermiculite composite phase change materials, Appl. Clay Sci. 196 (2020) 105754.

[86] O. Gencel, A. Sarı, A. Ustaoglu, G. Hekimoglu, E. Erdogmus, A. Yaras, M. Sutcu, V.V. Cay, Eco-friendly building materials containing micronized expanded vermiculite and phase change material for solar based thermo-regulation applications, Constr. Build. Mater. 308 (2021) 125062.

[87] M.D. Yuan, C. Xu, T.Y. Wang, T.Y. Zhang, X.Y. Pan, F. Ye, Supercooling suppression and crystallization behaviour of erythritol/expanded graphite as form-stable phase change material, Chem. Eng. J. 413 (2021) 127394.

[88] D.Y. Zhou, J.W. Yuan, Y.H. Zhou, Y.C. Liu, Preparation and characterization of myristic acid/expanded graphite composite phase change materials for thermal energy storage, Sci. Rep. 10 (1) (2020) 10889.

[89] Y.X. Lin, C.Q. Zhu, G. Alva, G.Y. Fang, Palmitic acid/polyvinyl butyral/expanded graphite composites as form-stable phase change materials for solar thermal energy storage, Appl. Energy 228 (2018) 1801-1809.

[90] X.H. Luo, B.Y. Hao, H.K. Xiang, H.L. Li, Z.C. Tao, A novel phase change materials used for direct photothermal conversion and efficient thermal storage, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 251 (2023) 112142.

[91] C.S. Dong, S.T. Jia, F.L. Lu, S.C. Wu, W.Y. Chen, Experimental study on the electrically-triggered crystallization behavior of supercooled copper foam-based and expanded graphite-based sodium acetate trihydrate, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 269 (2024) 112766.

[92] X.M. Zhang, L.H. Guo, J.L. Ren, X.F. Kong, Characterization of expanded graphite-based erythritol/urea eutectic phase change material and corresponding mathematical solar heating application analysis, Appl. Therm. Eng. 215 (2022) 118938.

[93] C. Liu, Y. Wan, Y. Gao, C. Dong, X. Chen, Polypyrrole-coated expanded graphite-based phase change materials for photothermal energy storage, Mater. Today Nano 23 (2023) 100376.

[94] K.X. Yang, Z.Y. Ling, X.M. Fang, Z.G. Zhang, Introducing a flexible insulation network to the expanded graphite-based composite phase change material to enhance dielectric and mechanical properties for battery thermal management, J. Energy Storage 66 (2023) 107486.

[95] L.E. Burris, M.C.G. Juenger, Effect of calcination on the reactivity of natural clinoptilolite zeolites used as supplementary cementitious materials, Constr. Build. Mater. 258 (2020) 119988.

[96] X.G. Wang, Y.X. Lei, Z.F. Chen, W.Y. Lei, Sepiolite-zeolite powder doped with capric acid phase change microcapsules for temperature-humidity control, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 595 (2021) 25-34.

[97] H.P. Song, X. Lei, F.B. Xue, H.B. Wu, F.Q. Cheng, Composite phase-change coating with coal-fly-ash-based zeolite as carrier, Prog. Org. Coat. 136 (2019) 105238.

[98] W.B. Jia, C.M. Wang, T.J. Wang, Z.Y. Cai, K. Chen, Preparation and performances of palmitic acid/diatomite form-stable composite phase change materials, Int. J. Energy Res. 44 (6) (2020) 4298-4308.

[99] A. Miliozzi, M. Chieruzzi, L. Torre, Experimental investigation of a cementitious heat storage medium incorporating a solar salt/diatomite composite phase change material, Appl. Energy 250 (2019) 1023-1035.

[100] Y.Y. Yang, Z.H. Shen, W.D. Wu, H. Zhang, Y. Ren, Q.G. Yang, Preparation of a novel diatomite-based PCM gypsum board for temperature-humidity control of buildings, Build. Environ. 226 (2022) 109732.

[101] L.L. Fu, Q.H. Wang, R.D. Ye, X.M. Fang, Z.G. Zhang, A calcium chloride hexahydrate/expanded perlite composite with good heat storage and insulation properties for building energy conservation, Renew. Energy 114 (2017) 733-743.

[102] X.C. Zuo, X.G. Zhao, J.W. Li, Y.Q. Hu, H.M. Yang, D.L. Chen, Enhanced thermal conductivity of form-stable composite phase-change materials with graphite hybridizing expanded perlite/paraffin, Sol. Energy 209 (2020) 85-95.

[103] I. Baskar, M. Chellapandian, S.S.H. Jaswanth, Development of a novel composite phase change material based paints and mortar for energy storage applications in buildings, J. Energy Storage 55 (2022) 105829.

[104] C. Kandilli, M. Uzel, Exergoeconomic analysis of photovoltaic thermal systems based on phase change materials and natural zeolites for thermal management, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 145 (3) (2021) 1373-1384.

[105] S. Karaman, A. Karaipekli, A. Sarı, A. Biçer, Polyethylene glycol (PEG)/diatomite composite as a novel form-stable phase change material for thermal energy storage, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95 (7) (2011) 1647-1653.

[106] K.J. Dong, X.B. Gu, L.H. Peng, P. Liu, S. Jiang, L. Bian, Recent advancements in typical mineral-encapsulated form-stable phase change materials for thermal energy storage, J. Energy Storage 52 (2022) 104931.

[107] T. Xu, F.P. Wu, T. Zou, J.T. Li, J. Yang, X.Q. Zhou, D.T. Liu, Y. Bie, Development of diatomite-based shape-stabilized composite phase change material for use in floor radiant heating, J. Mol. Liq. 348 (2022) 118372.

[108] Z.J. Geng, C. Shi, Q. Zhao, L. Yang, Preparation of diatomite paraffin composite phase change coating and its simulation application in building wall, J. Energy Storage 83 (2024) 110543.

[109] S. Soleimanpour, S.M. Sadrameli, S.A.H.S. Mousavi, M. Jafaripour, Preparation and characterization of high temperature shape stable NaNO₃/diatomite phase change materials with nanoparticles for solar energy storage applications , J. Energy Storage 45 (2022) 103735.

[110] X. Guo, Y.H. Huang, J.Z. Cao, Performance of a thermal energy storage composite by incorporating diatomite stabilized paraffin as phase change material, Energy Build. 158 (2018) 1257-1265.

[111] Z.Y. Liu, J.Y. Jiang, X. Jin, Y.C. Wang, Y.S. Zhang, Experimental and numerical investigations on the inhibition of freeze-thaw damage of cement-based materials by a methyl laurate/diatomite microcapsule phase change material, J. Energy Storage 68 (2023) 107665.

[112] X.Y. Li, J.G. Sanjayan, J.L. Wilson, Fabrication and stability of form-stable diatomite/paraffin phase change material composites, Energy Build. 76 (2014) 284-294.

[113] S. Wi, S. Yang, J.H. Park, S.J. Chang, S. Kim, Climatic cycling assessment of red clay/perlite and vermiculite composite PCM for improving thermal inertia in buildings, Build. Environ. 167 (2020) 106464.

[114] T.T. Qian, J.H. Li, X. Min, Y. Deng, W.M. Guan, L. Ning, Diatomite: a promising natural candidate as carrier material for low, middle and high temperature phase change material, Energy Convers. Manag. 98 (2015) 34-45.

[115] P.Z. Lv, M.Y. Ding, C.Z. Liu, Z.H. Rao, Experimental investigation on thermal properties and thermal performance enhancement of octadecanol/expanded perlite form stable phase change materials for efficient thermal energy storage, Renew. Energy 131 (2019) 911-922.

[116] X.G. Zhang, Z.K. Wang, X.J. Liu, T.T. Shi, F.K. Lin, Y.F. Xu, G. Chen, W.R. Zhang, Z.H. Huang, Form-stable phase change materials with enhanced thermal conductivity based on binary capric-palmitic acid and graphite carbon in situ modified expanded perlite , ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 4 (9) (2021) 9124-9132.

[117] J.T. Huang, J.T. Su, M.M. Weng, L. Xiong, P. Wang, Y.D. Liu, X.L. Lin, Y.G. Min, An innovative phase change composite with high thermal conductivity and sensitive light response rate for thermal energy storage, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 245 (2022) 111872.

[118] X.G. Zhang, R.L. Wen, C. Tang, B.G. Wu, Z.H. Huang, X. Min, Y.T. Huang, Y.G. Liu, M.H. Fang, X.W. Wu, Thermal conductivity enhancement of polyethylene glycol/expanded perlite with carbon layer for heat storage application, Energy Build. 130 (2016) 113-121.

[119] Z. Jiang, A. Palacios, B.Y. Zou, Y.Q. Zhao, W.Y. Deng, X.S. Zhang, Y.L. Ding, A review on the fabrication methods for structurally stabilised composite phase change materials and their impacts on the properties of materials, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 159 (2022) 112134.

[120] M.S. Horpan, N. Şahan, H. Paksoy, O. Sivrikaya, M. Günes, Direct impregnation and characterization of Colemanite/Ulexite-Mg(OH)₂ paraffin based form-stable phase change composites , Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 195 (2019) 346-352.

[121] N. Tan, T. Xie, Y. Feng, P. Hu, Q. Li, L.M. Jiang, W.B. Zeng, J.L. Zeng, Preparation and characterization of erythritol/sepiolite/exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets form-stable phase change material with high thermal conductivity and suppressed supercooling, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 217 (2020) 110726.

[122] D.G. Atinafu, W.J. Dong, U. Berardi, S. Kim, Phase change materials stabilized by porous metal supramolecular gels: gelation effect on loading capacity and thermal performance, Chem. Eng. J. 394 (2020) 124806.

[123] D. Yang, S.L. Shi, L. Xiong, H.J. Guo, H.R. Zhang, X.F. Chen, C. Wang, X.D. Chen, Paraffin/Palygorskite composite phase change materials for thermal energy storage, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 144 (2016) 228-234.

[124] Z. Wei, X. Fu, B. Wu, L. Jiang, Y. Wang, A. Yuan, H. Xu, J. Lei, Paraffin/methyl stearate/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite phase change materials with wide service temperature and high latent heat, Int. J. Energy Res. 45 (9) (2021) 13636-13645.

[125] S.W. Yin, M. Lu, C.P. Liu, L.G. Tong, L. Wang, Y.L. Ding, Fabrication and thermal properties of capric-stearic acid eutectic/nano-SiO₂ phase change material with expanded graphite and CuO for thermal energy storage , J. Energy Storage 77 (2024) 110025.

[126] Z.P. Yu, Y.H. Feng, D.L. Feng, X.X. Zhang, Thermal properties of three-dimensional hierarchical porous graphene foam-carbon nanotube hybrid structure composites with phase change materials, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 312 (2021) 110781.

[127] D.L. Feng, Y.H. Feng, P. Li, Y.Y. Zang, C. Wang, X.X. Zhang, Modified mesoporous silica filled with PEG as a shape-stabilized phase change materials for improved thermal energy storage performance, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 292 (2020) 109756.

[128] S. Song, S.Y. Zhao, X.R. Wang, Q.W. Liang, J.H. Li, X.G. Zhang, Y.L. Li, Enhancement of thermal performance of composite phase change materials by graphite in situ modified Al₂O₃ porous support , ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 5 (9) (2023) 7350-7357.

[129] D.J. Wu, X.B. Gu, Q. Sun, W.M. Luo, B.B. Zhang, J.G. Peng, L. Bian, K.J. Dong, Thermal conductivity enhancement of diatomite-based composite phase change materials by interfacial reduction deposition of Cu nanoparticles, J. Energy Storage 61 (2023) 106861.

[130] F. Cheng, Y.T. Huang, R.L. Wen, X.G. Zhang, Z.H. Huang, M.H. Fang, Y.G. Liu, X.W. Wu, X. Min, Preparation and characterization of form-stable tetradecanol-palmitic acid expanded perlite composites containing carbon fiber for thermal energy storage, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 136 (3) (2019) 1217-1225.

[131] W.Q. Zhan, Y.L. Zhao, Y. Yuan, H. Yi, S.X. Song, Development of 2D-Mt/SA/AgNPs microencapsulation phase change materials for solar energy storage with enhancement of thermal conductivity and latent heat capacity, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 201 (2019) 110090.

[132] L.X. Zeng, L.J. Zhang, H.W. Zhu, N. Sheng, C.Y. Zhu, Macroencapsulated carbonate eutectic salt phase change material with high durability for high temperature heat storage, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 256 (2023) 112338.

[133] A. Anagnostopoulos, M.E. Navarro, M. Stefanidou, Y.L. Ding, G. Gaidajis, Red mud-molten salt composites for medium-high temperature thermal energy storage and waste heat recovery applications, J. Hazard. Mater. 413 (2021) 125407.

[134] J.F. Wu, C. Zhang, X.H. Xu, S.H. Liu, T.T. Cheng, S.T. Ma, Ceramic-molten salt composites (CPCMs) for high-temperature thermal energy storage: Improving sinterability and thermal stability by using solid wastes as skeletons, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 238 (2022) 111651.

[135] F. Jiang, Z.W. Ge, X. Ling, D.Q. Cang, L.L. Zhang, Y.L. Ding, Improved thermophysical properties of shape-stabilized NaNO₃ using a modified diatomite-based porous ceramic for solar thermal energy storage , Renew. Energy 179 (2021) 327-338.

[136] S. Zhang, Y.Y. Yan, Energy, exergy and economic analysis of ceramic foam-enhanced molten salt as phase change material for medium- and high-temperature thermal energy storage, Energy 262 (2023) 125462.

[137] K. Liu, Z.F. Yuan, H.X. Zhao, B.S. Xu, Y. Lu, H. Zhang, B.W. Ma, Novel low-cost steel slag porous ceramic-based composite phase change material: an innovative strategy for comprehensive utilization of steel slag resources, Ceram. Int. 49 (22) (2023) 35466-35475.

[138] A. Zambotti, E. Caldesi, M. Pellizzari, F. Valentini, A. Pegoretti, A. Dorigato, G. Speranza, K. Chen, M. Bortolotti, G.D. Sorarù, M. Biesuz, Polymer-derived silicon nitride aerogels as shape stabilizers for low and high-temperature thermal energy storage, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (11) (2021) 5484-5494.

[139] J.B. Shi, M. Li, Lightweight mortar with paraffin/expanded vermiculite-diatomite composite phase change materials: development, characterization and year-round thermoregulation performance, Sol. Energy 220 (2021) 331-342.

[140] Q.J. Guo, H. Yi, F.F. Jia, S.X. Song, Design of MoS₂/MMT bi-layered aerogels integrated with phase change materials for sustained and efficient solar desalination , Desalination 541 (2022) 116028.

[141] X.B. Gu, K.J. Dong, L.H. Peng, L. Bian, Q. Sun, W.M. Luo, B.B. Zhang, Round-the-clock interfacial solar vapor generator enabled by form-stable phase change materials with enhanced photothermal conversion capacity, Energy Convers. Manag. 277 (2023) 116634.

[142] Y.X. Wei, J.H. Hu, H. Liu, G.Q. Zhou, Influence of paraffin’s composition on IR camouflage, Ordnance Mater. Sci. Eng. 34 (6) (2011) 30-32.

[143] D. Zhang, M.Z. Chen, S.P. Wu, Q.T. Liu, J.M. Wan, Preparation of expanded graphite/polyethylene glycol composite phase change material for thermoregulation of asphalt binder, Constr. Build. Mater. 169 (2018) 513-521.

[144] L.X. Cai, H. Yu, M. Zhao, Experimental study on effect of humidity controlling building materials on indoor temperature and humidity control, Build. Sci. 32 (2) (2016) 54-60.