Clay minerals regulating the performance of tribo-composites: A review

Abstract

The exponential increase in the amount of research focused on clay-mineral-based tribo-composites has offered an unprecedented opportunity for their use in automobile, coating, lubricant, and mechanical bearing devices. Clay-mineral-based tribo-composites provide remarkable improvements in mechanical, thermal, and lubrication qualities that can be applied in industry. The clay mineral types, modification approaches, matrix materials, and synthesis methods all influence the obtained performance of tribo-composites. Herein, this paper presents recent advances in the modification strategies of seven typical clay minerals: sepiolite, vermiculite, palygorskite, montmorillonite, talc, kaolinite, and halloysite. The effects of these clay-minerals/clay-mineral-based composites on the resultant mechanical, lubrication, sound-absorbing, thermal and tribological functions of tribo-composites are also outlined. Furthermore, current theories and methods regarding performance prediction and design recommendations for advanced friction composite materials are discussed, with specific examples drawn from the scientific literature. This review aims to inspire further explorations on clay mineral modification techniques, taking advantage of the particular structures and physical and chemical properties to develop high-performance next-generation friction material products.

Keywords

Clay mineral / Tribo-composite / Modification / Prediction / Simulation

References

[1] M. Long, Y. Zhang, P. Huang, S. Chang, Y.H. Hu, Q. Yang, L.F. Mao, H.M. Yang, Emerging nanoclay composite for effective hemostasis, Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 (10) (2018) 1704452.

[2] J.M. Adams, R.W. McCabe, Chapter 10.2 clay minerals as catalysts, in: F. Bergaya, B.K.G. Theng, G. Lagaly (Eds.), Developments in Clay Science, Elsevier, 2006, pp. 541-581.

[3] R. Jaskulski, D. Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka, Y. Yakymechko, Calcined clay as supplementary cementitious material, Materials 13 (21) (2020) 4734.

[4] P.Z. Lv, C.Z. Liu, Z.H. Rao, Review on clay mineral-based form-stable phase change materials: preparation, characterization and applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 68 (2017) 707-726.

[5] G. Rajeshkumar, S.A. Seshadri, S. Ramakrishnan, M.R. Sanjay, S. Siengchin, K.C. Nagaraja, A comprehensive review on natural fiber/nano-clay reinforced hybrid polymeric composites: materials and technologies, Polym. Compos. 42 (8) (2021) 3687-3701.

[6] D.L. Schmidt, Unique applications of carbon-carbon composite materials (part one), SAMPE J. 35 (1999) 27-39.

[7] V. Singh, P. Raja, J.K. Katiyar, P. Ramkumar, Effect of friction modifiers compositions on tribological properties of Cu-Sn alloy/Al₂O₃ brake composite material , Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J. J. Eng. Tribol. 235 (8) (2021) 1541-1550.

[8] D. Saha, B.K. Satapathy, Influence of various types of clays on velocity dependence of friction composites, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J. J. Eng. Tribol. 235 (11) (2021) 2415-2431.

[9] M.M.A. Abdel Latif, N.S.M. El Tayeb, V. Mahale, J. Bijwe, The effect of wollastonite silane-treatment on mechanical and tribological performance of NAO brake-pads, Int. J. Surf. Sci. Eng. 13 (4) (2019) 293.

[10] J.A. Botas, J. Moreno, J.J. Espada, D.P. Serrano, J. Dufour, Recycling of used lubricating oil: evaluation of environmental and energy performance by LCA, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 125 (2017) 315-323.

[11] I.Al Zubaidi, A.Al Tamimi, Soil remediation from waste lubricating oil, Environ. Technol. Innov. 9 (2018) 151-159.

[12] R.F.G. Apóstolo, G. Tsagkaropoulou, P.J. Camp, Molecular adsorption, self-assembly, and friction in lubricants, J. Mol. Liq. 277 (2019) 606-612.

[13] T. Masalehdan, M. Eskandarzade, A. Tutunchi, B. Kim, H. Questa, M. Mohammadpour, M. Shahedi Asl, Two-dimensional clay nanosheet-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene composites and their mechanical/tribological studies, Mater. Today Commun. 26 (2021) 102026.

[14] E. Sneha, V.S. Sarath, S. Rani, K. Bindu Kumar, Effect of turmeric oil and halloysite nano clay as anti-oxidant and anti-wear additives in rice bran oil, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J. J. Eng. Tribol. 235 (6) (2021) 1085-1092.

[15] H. Bahramnia, H. Mohammadian Semnani, A. Habibolahzadeh, H. Abdoos, Epoxy/polyurethane nanocomposite coatings for anti-erosion/wear applications: a review, J. Compos. Mater. 54 (22) (2020) 3189-3203.

[16] M.U. Azam, M.A. Samad, A novel organoclay reinforced UHMWPE nanocomposite coating for tribological applications, Prog. Org. Coat. 118 (2018) 97-107.

[17] B.H. Soudmand, K. Shelesh-Nezhad, Failure and wear analysis of poly(butylene terephthalate) nanocomposite spur gears, Tribol. Int. 151 (2020) 106439.

[18] L. Peña-Parás, M. Rodríguez-Villalobos, D. Maldonado-Cortés, M. Guajardo, C.S. Rico-Medina, G. Elizondo, D.I. Quintanilla, Study of hybrid nanofluids of TiO₂ and montmorillonite clay nanoparticles for milling of AISI 4340 steel , Wear 477 (2021) 203805.

[19] M. Okamoto, Recent advances in polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites: an overview from science to technology, Mater. Sci. Technol. 22 (7) (2006) 756-779.

[20] K. Hou, J. Ouyang, C.H. Zheng, J.H. Zhang, H.M. Yang, Surface-modified sepiolite fibers for reinforcing resin brake composites, Mater. Express 7 (2) (2017) 104-112.

[21] P. Bhagabati, T.K. Chaki, D. Khastgir, Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)/ethylene methacrylate copolymer (EMA)/sepiolite nanocomposite via a facile one-step covalent modification technique, RSC Adv. 5 (74) (2015) 60294-60306.

[22] T. Irkeç, T. Ünlü, An example to sepiolite formation in volcanic belts by hydrothermal alteration: Kibriscik (Bolu) sepiolite occurrence, Bull. Miner. Res. Explor. 115 (1993) 49-68.

[23] A. Singer, Palygorskite and sepiolite group minerals, Miner. Soil Environ. 1 (1989) 829-872.

[24] S. Wang, L. Gainey, I.D.R. MacKinnon, C. Allen, Y.T. Gu, Y.F. Xi, Thermal behaviors of clay minerals as key components and additives for fired brick properties: a review, J. Build. Eng. 66 (2023) 105802.

[25] M. Bhattacharya, A.K. Bhowmick, Analysis of wear characteristics of natural rubber nanocomposites, Wear 269 (1-2) (2010) 152-166.

[26] A. Gómez-Avilés, P. Aranda, F.M. Fernandes, C. Belver, E. Ruiz-Hitzky, Silica-sepiolite nanoarchitectures, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 13 (4) (2013) 2897-2907.

[27] X.N. Li, C.L. Xia, J.Z. Li, X.Y. Zhou, Design and build an elastic crosslinked network to strengthen and toughen soybean-meal based bioadhesive using organo-sepiolite and greener crosslinker triglycidylamine, Polym. Test. 89 (2020) 106648.

[28] H.L. Xiong, F.G. Qi, N. Zhao, H. Yuan, P.Y. Wan, B. Liao, X.P. Ouyang, Effect of organically modified sepiolite as inorganic nanofiller on the anti-corrosion resistance of epoxy coating, Mater. Lett. 260 (2020) 126941.

[29] Y.Y. Zheng, W.W. Liu, Q.Y. Wang, Y.H. Sun, G.R. Li, T. Wu, Y.J. Li, Study of STAB- and DDAB-modified sepiolite tructures and their adsorption performance for emulsified oil in produced water, Colloid Interface Sci. Commun. 34 (2020) 100231.

[30] U. Shuali, L. Bram, M. Steinberg, S. Yariv, Catalytic thermal reactions of cumene over sepiolite and palygorskite, J. Therm. Anal. 37 (7) (1991) 1569-1578.

[31] J.Y. Li, J.S. Liang, F. Wang, L.J. Wang, Effect of sepiolite fibers addition on sintering behavior of sanitary bodies, Appl. Clay Sci. 105 (2015) 231-235.

[32] M. Akbelen, M. Durmuş, An experimental study on the effect of the acid and heavy metal treatments on the adsorption of CH₄ by sepiolite , Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27 (12) (2020) 13194-13204.

[33] E. González-Pradas, M. Socías-Viciana, M.D. Ureña-Amate, A. Cantos-Molina, M. Villafranca-Sánchez, Adsorption of chloridazon from aqueous solution on heat and acid treated sepiolites, Water Res. 39 (9) (2005) 1849-1857.

[34] Y.H. Zhang, M. He, M.B. Xu, J.J. Song, P. Xu, X.L. Wang, Effect of modified sepiolite and carbon fiber composite on performance of oil-well cement and mechanism analysis, Constr. Build. Mater. 239 (2020) 117837.

[35] I.N. Tikhomirova, A.V. Makarov, Z.M. Htet, Thermal insulation materials based on expanded vermiculite and foamed liquid glass, Refract. Ind. Ceram. 61 (4) (2020) 451-455.

[36] Y. Orooji, F. Liang, A. Razmjou, S. Li, M.R. Mofid, Q. Liu, K. Guan, Z. Liu, W. Jin, Excellent biofouling alleviation of thermoexfoliated vermiculite blended poly(ether sulfone) ultrafiltration membrane, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (35) (2017) 30024-30034.

[37] M.L. Li, Y.L. Zhao, Z. Ai, H.Y. Bai, T.T. Zhang, S.X. Song, Preparation and application of expanded and exfoliated vermiculite: a critical review, Chem. Phys. 550 (2021) 111313.

[38] W.A. Al-Awsh, O.S. Baghabra Al-Amoudi, M.A. Al-Osta, A. Ahmad, T.A. Saleh, Experimental assessment of the thermal and mechanical performance of insulated concrete blocks, J. Clean. Prod. 283 (2021) 124624.

[39] W.A. Al-Awsh, N.A.A. Qasem, O.S.B. Al-Amoudi, M.A. Al-Osta, Experimental and numerical investigation on innovative masonry walls for industrial and residential buildings, Appl. Energy 276 (2020) 115496.

[40] K.F. El-Nemr, M.A.M. Ali, S.N. Saleh, A.W.M. El-Naggar, Mechanical properties of gamma-irradiated styrene-butadiene rubber/acid-treated vermiculite clay/maleic anhydride nanocomposites, Polym. Eng. Sci. 59 (2) (2019) 355-364.

[41] K.F. El-Nemr, M.A.M. Ali, M.M. Hassan, H.E. Hamed, Synergistic effect of vermiculite clay and ionizing irradiation on the physical and mechanical properties of polybutadiene rubber/ethylene propylene diene monomer nanocomposite, Radiochim. Acta 107 (3) (2019) 221-232.

[42] N.P. Shapkin, L.B. Leont’ev, V.N. Makarov, I.G. Khal’chenko, V.V. Korochentsev, A.L. Shkuratov, Vermiculite-based organosilicate antifriction composites as coatings on friction surfaces of steel articles, Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 87 (12) (2014) 1810-1816.

[43] L.B. Leont’ev, N.P. Shapkin, A.L. Leont’ev, V.N. Makarov, Tribotechnical properties of thin-film coatings obtained by the tribomodifcation of crankshaft pins for ship diesel engines, J. Frict. Wear 38 (1) (2017) 1-6.

[44] N. Kumari, C. Mohan, Basics of clay minerals and their characteristic properties, in: G. Morari Do Nascimento (Ed.), Clay and Clay Minerals, IntechOpen, 2021.

[45] Y.Y. Shi, Z. Yan, Y.T. Xu, T. Tian, J. Zhang, J.F. Pang, X.H. Peng, Q.H. Zhang, M.L. Shao, W.Y. Tan, H.L. Li, Q.P. Xiong, Visible-light-driven AgBr-TiO₂-Palygorskite photocatalyst with excellent photocatalytic activity for tetracycline hydrochloride , J. Clean. Prod. 277 (2020) 124021.

[46] K.P. Wang, H.C. Wu, H.D. Wang, Y.H. Liu, L. Yang, L.M. Zhao, Tribological properties of novel palygorskite nanoplatelets used as oil-based lubricant additives, Friction 9 (2) (2021) 332-343.

[47] B. Mu, A.Q. Wang, Adsorption of dyes onto palygorskite and its composites: a review, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 4 (1) (2016) 1274-1294.

[48] A. Álvarez, J. Santarén, A. Esteban-Cubillo, P. Aparicio, Current industrial applications of palygorskite and sepiolite, in: Developments in Clay Science, Elsevier, 2011, pp. 281-298.

[49] T.T. Wu, J. Dong, G.F. Xu, F. Gan, X. Zhao, Q.H. Zhang, Attapulgite-reinforced polyimide hybrid aerogels with high dimensional stability and excellent thermal insulation property, Polymer 176 (2019) 196-205.

[50] J.F. Chi-Caballero, R.R. Perez-Matu, C.J. Gamboa-Sosa, P.I. Gonzalez-Chi, Transitory rheological test as a tool to monitor nano-clay dispersion and distribution in polypropylene-palygorskite composites, Polym. Bull. 77 (7) (2020) 3537-3562.

[51] B. Benobeidallah, A. Benhamida, A. Dorigato, A. Sola, M. Messori, A. Pegoretti, Structure and properties of polyamide 11 nanocomposites filled with fibrous palygorskite clay, J. Renew. Mater. 7 (1) (2019) 89-102.

[52] Y. Xia, Y.C. Zhu, Y.F. Zhou, W.Y. Nie, P.P. Chen, Improved dispersion of attapulgite in polypropylene by grap oxide and the enhanced mechanical properties, Polym. Compos. 39 (2) (2018) 560-568.

[53] Z.J. Meng, Y.X. Wang, X.C. Xin, H. Liu, Y.F. Yan, F.Y. Yan, Enhanced fretting wear performance of UHMWPE composites by grafting Co-Ni layered double hydroxides on attapulgite nanofibers, Tribol. Int. 153 (2021) 106628.

[54] O. M’Ghari, F.S.A. Hassani, M. El, Mehdi Mekhzoum, N. Zari, R. Bouhfid, A. el Kacem Qaiss, Elaboration of a composite material based on plaster reinforced with phase change material/Oakum Fiber: physical, thermal and mechanical properties, J. Energy Storage 35 (2021) 102321.

[55] L. Peña-Parás, D. Maldonado-Cortés, M. Rodríguez-Villalobos, A.G. Romero-Cantú, O.E. Montemayor, Enhancing tool life, and reducing power consumption and surface roughness in milling processes by nanolubricants and laser surface texturing, J. Clean. Prod. 253 (2020) 119836.

[56] C.F. Shi, X.C. Guo, M.J. Jiang, Y. He, Study on the effect of surface modification on the properties of bentonite greases, China Petrol. Process. Petrochem. Technol. 18 (4) (2016) 99-109.

[57] X. Ge, M.C. Li, X.X. Li, U.R. Cho, Effects of silane coupling agents on the properties of bentonite/nitrile butadiene rubber nanocomposites synthesized by a novel green method, Appl. Clay Sci. 118 (2015) 265-275.

[58] L. Zhang, D.A. Sun, D. Jia, Shear strength of GMZ07 bentonite and its mixture with sand saturated with saline solution, Appl. Clay Sci. 132 (2016) 24-32.

[59] C.F. Nichol, K. Froese, J.S. Sharma, S.L. Barbour, Effects of oxidation on residual shear strength of shales within Lea Park Formation, Can. Geotech. J. 53 (12) (2016) 1952-1964.

[60] A. Karimi, W.M.A.W. Daud, Materials, preparation, and characterization of PVA/MMT nanocomposite hydrogels: a review, Polym. Compos. 38 (6) (2017) 1086-1102.

[61] E.S. Schandl, N.A. Sharara, M.P. Gorton, The origin of the Atshan talc deposit in the Hamata Area, Eastern Desert, Egypt: a geochemical and mineralogical study, Can. Mineral. 37 (1999) 1211-1227.

[62] W.Q. Lu, D.N. Hu, H.J. Li, Z.F. Feng, H.Y. Hu, Y.J. Zhang, T. Gan, Z.Q. Huang, Fabrication of a novel hydrophobic zinc borate/polydopamine/talc nanocomposite with sandwich-like structure for enhanced tribological properties, Surf. Interfaces 51 (2024) 104620.

[63] J.K. Katiyar, S.K. Sinha, A. Kumar, In situ lubrication of SU-8/talc composite with base oil (SN150) and perfluoropolyether as fillers , Tribol. Lett. 64 (1) (2016) 5.

[64] C. Aversa, M. Barletta, E. Pizzi, M. Puopolo, S. Vesco, Wear resistance of injection moulded PLA-talc engineered bio-composites: effect of material design, thermal history and shear stresses during melt processing, Wear 390 (2017) 184-197.

[65] S. Yahaya, S.S. Jikan, N.A. Badarulzaman, A.D. Adamu, Chemical composition and particle size analysis of Kaolin, Path Sci. 3 (10) (2017) 1001-1004.

[66] Y.X. Dong, D.S. Tong, L.B. Ren, X.T. Chen, H. Zhang, W.H. Yu, C.H. Zhou, Enhanced hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars on kaolinte clay activated by mineral acid, Catal. Lett. 151 (10) (2021) 2797-2806.

[67] E. Scholtzová, D. Tunega, Prediction of mechanical properties of grafted kaolinite-a DFT study, Appl. Clay Sci. 193 (2020) 105692.

[68] N.P. Shapkin, V.I. Razov, V.I. Mayorov, I.G. Khal’cheko, A.L. Shkuratov, V.V. Korochentsev, Studies of natural kaolinite and its modified forms, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 61 (11) (2016) 1463-1471.

[69] Y.J. Yang, H. Zhang, K.N. Zhang, L.H. Liu, L.B. Ji, Q.F. Liu, Vulcanization, interfacial interaction, and dynamic mechanical properties of in situ organic amino modified kaolinite/SBR nanocomposites based on latex compounding method , Appl. Clay Sci. 185 (2020) 105366.

[70] S.W. Chen, X.C. Lu, T.Z. Wang, Z.M. Zhang, Preparation and characterization of urea-formaldehyde resin/reactive kaolinite composites, Particuology 24 (2016) 203-209.

[71] E. Gianni, M. Pšenička, K. Macková, E. Scholtzová, M. Jankovič, D. Mareš, M. Papoulis, Pospíšil, New detail insight into Halloysite structure: mechanism behind nanotubular morphology described by density functional theory and molecular dynamics supported by experiments, J. Mol. Struct. 1287 (2023) 135639.

[72] Y. Xie, X.F. Chen, K. Han, X. Xiong, Natural halloysite nanotubes-coated polypropylene membrane as dual-function separator for highly safe Li-ion batteries with improved cycling and thermal stability, Electrochim. Acta 379 (2021) 138182.

[73] Y. Lan, Y.Y. Liu, J.W. Li, D.J. Chen, G.J. He, I.P. Parkin, Natural clay-based materials for energy storage and conversion applications, Adv. Sci. 8 (11) (2021) e2004036.

[74] M. Zhang, X.T. Su, L.D. Ma, A. Khan, L. Wang, J.D. Wang, A.S. Maloletnev, C. Yang, Promotion effects of halloysite nanotubes on catalytic activity of Co₃O₄ nanoparticles toward reduction of 4-nitrophenol and organic dyes , J. Hazard. Mater. 403 (2021) 123870.

[75] S. Murugesan, T. Scheibel, Copolymer/clay nanocomposites for biomedical applications, Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 (17) (2020) 1908101.

[76] H.L. Lun, J. Ouyang, H.M. Yang, Enhancing dispersion of halloysite nanotubes via chemical modification, Phys. Chem. Miner. 41 (4) (2014) 281-288.

[77] Z.Q. Shen, Y. Liu, J. Li, L. Xu, G.J. Liu, Preparation of benzoxazine-modified halloysite nanotubes and its application on epoxy/benzoxazine composites, High Perform. Polym. 32 (10) (2020) 1122-1130.

[78] M.T. Albdiry, B.F. Yousif, Toughening of brittle polyester with functionalized halloysite nanocomposites, Compos. Part B Eng. 160 (2019) 94-109.

[79] Z. Vuluga, M. Corobea, C. Elizetxea, M. Ordonez, M. Ghiurea, V. Raditoiu, C. Nicolae, D. Florea, M. Iorga, R. Somoghi, B. Trica, Morphological and tribological properties of PMMA/halloysite nanocomposites, Polymers 10 (8) (2018) 816.

[80] Z.L. Cheng, X.Y. Chang, Z. Liu, D.Z. Qin, Polyacrylamide modification of halloysite nanotubes surface by inverse emulsion polymerisation and their application in reinforcing PTFE, Micro Nano Lett. 14 (1) (2019) 91-94.

[81] T. Rajmohan, K. Palanikumar, J.P. Davim, Analysis of surface integrity in drilling metal matrix and hybrid metal matrix composites, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 28 (8) (2012) 761-768.

[82] S.E. Rajkumar, K. Palanikumar, P. Kasiviswanathan, Influence of mica particles as secondary reinforcement on the mechanical and wear properties of Al/B₄C/mica composites , Mater. Express 9 (4) (2019) 299-309.

[83] F.Z. Zeng, X.H. Chen, G. Xiao, H. Li, S. Xia, J.F. Wang, A bioinspired ultratough multifunctional mica-based nanopaper with 3D aramid nanofiber framework as an electrical insulating material, ACS Nano 14 (1) (2020) 611-619.

[84] H. Zhang, J. Zhang, Rheological behaviors of plasticized polyvinyl chloride thermally conductive composites with oriented flaky fillers: a case study on graphite and mica, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 139 (21) (2022) e52186.

[85] E.W. Bucholz, X.Y. Zhao, S.B. Sinnott, S.S. Perry, Friction and wear of pyrophyllite on the atomic scale, Tribol. Lett. 46 (2) (2012) 159-165.

[86] Y. Le Godec, A. Courac, In situ high-pressure synthesis of new outstanding light-element materials under industrial P-T range , Materials 14 (15) (2021) 4245.

[87] O. Zabihi, M. Ahmadi, S. Shafei, S.M. Seraji, A. Oroumei, M. Naebe, One-step amino-functionalization of milled carbon fibre for enhancement of thermo-physical properties of epoxy composites, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 88 (2016) 243-252.

[88] D.E. Cisneros-Rosado, E.F. Paz-Alpuche, J.A. Uribe-Calderon, The effect of surface modification of Palygorskite on the morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of Nylon 6/Palygorskite nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding, Polym. Compos. 39 (S3) (2018) E1531-E1543.

[89] W. Yan, P. Xie, Z.W. Yang, G.J. Luo, W.J. Huang, Q. Tian, C.Y. Tu, C.M. Zhang, C.L. Yang, K. Wang, Flame-retardant behaviors of aluminum phosphates coated sepiolite in epoxy resin, J. Fire Sci. 39 (1) (2021) 3-18.

[90] G. Ahmetli, H. Deveci, U. Soydal, A. Seker, R. Kurbanli, Coating, mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy toluene oligomer modified epoxy resin/sepiolite composites, Prog. Org. Coat. 75 (1-2) (2012) 97-105.

[91] L. Wang, X.Y. Ni, The effect of the inorganic nanomaterials on the UV-absorption, rheological and mechanical properties of the rapid prototyping epoxy-based composites, Polym. Bull. 74 (6) (2017) 2063-2079.

[92] J.A. Marins, A. Mija, J.M. Pin, F. Giulieri, B.G. Soares, N. Sbirrazzuoli, P. Lançon, G. Bossis, Anisotropic reinforcement of epoxy-based nanocomposites with aligned magnetite-sepiolite hybrid nanofiller, Compos. Sci. Technol. 112 (2015) 34-41.

[93] A. Zotti, A. Borriello, M. Ricciardi, V. Antonucci, M. Giordano, M. Zarrelli, Effects of sepiolite clay on degradation and fire behaviour of a bisphenol A-based epoxy, Compos. Part B Eng. 73 (2015) 139-148.

[94] K. Xu, C.W. Li, C.S. Wang, Y.J. Jiang, Y. Liu, H.F. Xie, Natural and acid-treated attapulgite reinforced soybean oil-based polyurethane/epoxy resin interpenetrating polymer networks, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 137 (4) (2019) 1189-1198.

[95] Z.H. Zhuang, B. He, Z.G. Yang, Preparation and characterisation of phenolic foam/HTAB-ATP nanocomposites, Plast. Rubber Compos. 39 (10) (2010) 460-464.

[96] H. Wang, F.F. Wang, K. Zheng, L. Guo, L. Chen, X. Zhang, X.Y. Tian, Preparation and characterization of phenolic composites reinforced by the attapulgite nanoparticles, J. Macromol. Sci. Part A 52 (3) (2015) 210-217.

[97] K.D. Kumar, A.H. Tsou, A.K. Bhowmick, Unique tackification behavior of needle-like sepiolite nanoclay in brominated isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene (BIMS) rubber, Macromolecules 43 (9) (2010) 4184-4193.

[98] J.D. Ferry, H.S. Myers, Viscoelastic properties of polymers, J. Electrochem. Soc. 108 (7) (1962) 142C.

[99] K.F. El-Nemr, M.M. Khaffaga, S.N. Saleh, M.K. Zahran, Physico-chemical and spectroscopic properties of gamma irradiated ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber/vermiculite clay/maleic anhydride nanocomposites, Polym. Compos. 39 (7) (2018) 2469-2478.

[100] H. Anjum, S.W. Ahmad, R. Sharif, M. Tausif, Effect of filler type and composition on the mechanical, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties of PS/SBR vulcanizate, J. Polym. Eng. 36 (6) (2016) 607-614.

[101] C.Z. Zhu, H.L. Zhang, G.Q. Xu, C.J. Shi, Aging rheological characteristics of SBR modified asphalt with multi-dimensional nanomaterials, Constr. Build. Mater. 151 (2017) 388-393.

[102] H.L. Zhang, Z.H. Chen, L. Li, Effect of nanozinc oxide and organic expanded vermiculite compound on antiaging properties of SBR modified bitumen, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 29 (11) (2017).

[103] H. Laieghi, S. Alipour, A. Mostafapour, Heat-assisted friction stir welding of polymeric nanocomposite, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 25 (1) (2020) 56-65.

[104] L. Wang, S.L. Jiang, C.C. Huang, P.Y. Dai, F.H. Liu, X.P. Qi, G.J. Xu, Properties of ABS/organic-attapulgite nanocomposites parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling, J. Renew. Mater. 8 (11) (2020) 1505-1518.

[105] E. Kuram, Hybridization effect of talc/glass fiber as a filler in polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene composites, Compos. Part B Eng. 173 (2019) 106954.

[106] F.C. Tsai, P. Li, Z.W. Liu, G. Feng, P. Zhu, C.K. Wang, K.N. Chen, C.Y. Huang, J.T. Yeh, Drawing and ultimate tenacity properties of polyamide 6/attapulgite composite fibers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 126 (6) (2012) 1906-1916.

[107] Y. Liu, S.B. Zhang, X. Wang, Y.F. Pan, F.R. Zhang, J.T. Huang, Mechanical and aging resistance properties of polypropylene (PP) reinforced with nanocellulose/attapulgite composites (NCC/AT), Compos. Interfaces 27 (1) (2020) 73-85.

[108] S. La Tegola, A. Terenzi, R. Martini, S. Barbosa, L. Torre, J. Kenny, Processing and final properties improvement of polyolefin-sepiolite and carbon nanofibre nanocomposites, Macromol. Symp. 301 (1) (2011) 128-135.

[109] A.F. Ávila, A.M. de Oliveira, S.G. Leão, M.G. Martins, Aramid fabric/nano-size dual phase shear thickening fluid composites response to ballistic impact, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 112 (2018) 468-474.

[110] S.O. Ilyin, T.V. Brantseva, S.V. Kotomin, S.V. Antonov, Epoxy nanocomposites as matrices for aramid fiber-reinforced plastics, Polym. Compos. 39 (S4) (2018) E2167-E2174.

[111] M. Jäger, O. Zabihi, M. Ahmadi, Q.X. Li, A. Depalmeanar, M. Naebe, Nano-enhanced interface in carbon fibre polymer composite using halloysite nanotubes, Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 109 (2018) 115-123.

[112] Q. Yang, Q.J. Zhang, X. Chen, X. Deng, S.L. Qi, G. Sui, Z.W. He, F.T. Lan, D.Z. Wu, X.P. Yang, Preparation and characterization of the modulus intermediate layer in carbon fiber/epoxy composites by depositing sepiolites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 133 (37) (2016) e43955.

[113] H. Ulus, H.B. Kaybal, V. Eskizeybek, A. Avcı, Halloysite nanotube reinforcement endows ameliorated fracture resistance of seawater aged basalt/epoxy composites, J. Compos. Mater. 54 (20) (2020) 2761-2779.

[114] J.L. Chen, J.H. Wang, H.D. Chen, A.Q. Ni, A.X. Ding, Synergistic effect of intumescent flame retardant and attapulgite on mechanical properties and flame retardancy of glass fibre reinforced polyethylene composites, Compos. Struct. 246 (2020) 112404.

[115] Y.H. Kim, S.J. Park, J.S. Choi, K.M. Moon, C.W. Bae, Effects of heat-treated HNTs on the mechanical properties of GFRP under moisture absorption, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 32 (19) (2018) 1840070.

[116] M.G.S. Baioumy, J. Colton, J. Poulakis, K. Kalaitzidou, Surface-treated kaolin minerals as a complement or substitute to glass fibers in thermoplastics, Polym. Eng. Sci. 59 (S1) (2019) E330-E338.

[117] A.P. Vasilev, T.S. Struchkova, L.A. Nikiforov, A.A. Okhlopkova, P.N. Grakovich, E.L. Shim, J.H. Cho, Mechanical and tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene composites with carbon fiber and layered silicate fillers, Molecules 24 (2) (2019) 224.

[118] J.L. Zhu, J.X. Wei, Q.J. Yu, M.B. Xu, Y.W. Luo, Hybrid effect of wollastonite fiber and carbon fiber on the mechanical properties of oil well cement pastes, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020 (2020) 4618035.

[119] M. Asensio, M. Herrero, K. Núñez, J.C. Merino, J.M. Pastor, The influence of sepiolite orientation and concentration, on the morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of bio-polyamide 4.10 nanocomposites, Polym. Eng. Sci. 60 (5) (2020) 1035-1043.

[120] C.S. Wang, J.W. Shi, M. He, L. Ding, S.P. Li, Z.H. Wang, J. Wei, High strength cellulose/ATT composite films with good oxygen barrier property for sustainable packaging applications, Cellulose 25 (7) (2018) 4145-4154.

[121] H. Laieghi, S. Alipour, A. Mostafapour, Investigation of the mechanical properties of friction stir welded PA6-based polymer nanocomposite and optimizing experimental conditions, Mater. Res. Express 6 (6) (2019) 065018.

[122] M. Sahnoune, M. Kaci, A. Taguet, K. Delbé, S. Mouffok, S. Abdi, J.M. Lopez-Cuesta, W.W. Focke, Tribological and mechanical properties of polyamide-11/halloysite nanotube nanocomposites, J. Polym. Eng. 39 (1) (2018) 25-34.

[123] W.Q. Wang, J. Ying, X.Y. Ma, J.K. Wang, X.Y. Guan, W. Ting, Z.M. Qian, Simultaneous enhancements of mechanical and thermal properties of monomer cast nylon via Kaolin modified by poly(ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether), Polym. Plast. Technol. Mater. 58 (7) (2019) 742-752.

[124] H. Ipakchi, A. Shegeft, A.M. Rezadoust, M.J. Zohuriaan-Mehr, K. Kabiri, S. Sajjadi, Bio-resourced furan resin as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based phenolic resin for making GFR polymer composites, Iran. Polym. J. 29 (4) (2020) 287-299.

[125] B. Zhang, B.S. Xu, Y. Xu, F. Gao, B.S. Zhang, Research on tribological characteristics and worn surface self-repairing performance of nano attapulgite powders used in lubricant oil as addictive, Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 41 (S1) (2012) 336-340.

[126] Z.Y. Wang, Y.Q. Xia, Z.L. Liu, Comparative study of the tribological properties of ionic liquids as additives of the attapulgite and bentone greases, Lubr. Sci. 24 (4) (2012) 174-187.

[127] H.L. Yu, H.M. Wang, Y.L. Yin, Z.Y. Song, X.Y. Zhou, X.C. Ji, M. Wei, P.J. Shi, Z.M. Bai, W. Zhang, Tribological behaviors of natural attapulgite nanofibers as an additive for mineral oil investigated by orthogonal test method, Tribol. Int. 153 (2021) 106562.

[128] C.X. Wang, C.F. Li, X.F. Zhang, Tribological behaviors and self-healing performance of surface modification nanoscale palygorskite as lubricant additive for the steel pair, Mater. Res. Express 7 (10) (2020) 106517.

[129] F. Nan, Y. Xu, B.S. Xu, F. Gao, Y.X. Wu, Z.G. Li, Effect of Cu nanoparticles on the tribological performance of attapulgite base grease, Tribol. Trans. 58 (6) (2015) 1031-1038.

[130] K. Lee, Y. Hwang, S. Cheong, Y. Choi, L. Kwon, J. Lee, S.H. Kim, Understanding the role of nanoparticles in nano-oil lubrication, Tribol. Lett. 35 (2) (2009) 127-131.

[131] Y.Y. Wu, W.C. Tsui, T.C. Liu, Experimental analysis of tribological properties of lubricating oils with nanoparticle additives, Wear 262 (7-8) (2007) 819-825.

[132] F. Nan, K.H. Zhou, S. Liu, J.B. Pu, Y.H. Fang, W.X. Ding, Tribological properties of attapulgite/La₂O₃ nanocomposite as lubricant additive for a steel/steel contact , RSC Adv. 8 (30) (2018) 16947-16956.

[133] F. Nan, Y. Xu, B.S. Xu, F. Gao, Y.X. Wu, Z.G. Li, Tribological performance of attapulgite nano-fiber/spherical nano-Ni as lubricant additive, Tribol. Lett. 56 (3) (2014) 531-541.

[134] F. Nan, Y. Xu, B.S. Xu, F. Gao, Y.X. Wu, Z.G. Li, Tribological behaviors and wear mechanisms of ultrafine magnesium aluminum silicate powders as lubricant additive, Tribol. Int. 81 (2015) 199-208.

[135] J. Pelto, V. Heino, M. Karttunen, I. Rytöluoto, H. Ronkainen, Tribological performance of high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites with low nanofiller loading, Wear 460 (2020) 203451.

[136] L. Peña-Parás, D. Maldonado-Cortés, P. García, M. Irigoyen, J. Taha-Tijerina, J. Guerra, Tribological performance of halloysite clay nanotubes as green lubricant additives, Wear 376 (2017) 885-892.

[137] L. Peña-Parás, J. Sánchez-Fernández, C. Martínez, J. Ontiveros, K. Saldívar, L. Urbina, M. Arias, P. García-Pineda, B. Castaños, Evaluation of anti-wear properties of metalworking fluids enhanced with halloysite nanotubes, Appl. Sci. 7 (10) (2017) 1019.

[138] H. Ghaednia, R.L. Jackson, The effect of nanoparticles on the real area of contact, friction, and wear, J. Tribol. 135 (4) (2013) 041603.

[139] A. Mobasher, A. Khalil, M. Khashaba, T. Osman, Effect of MWCNTs/Talc powder nanoparticles on the tribological and thermal conductivity performance of calcium grease, Ind. Lubr. Tribol. 72 (1) (2019) 9-14.

[140] J.K. Katiyar, S.K. Sinha, A. Kumar, Friction and wear durability study of epoxy-based polymer (SU-8) composite coatings with talc and graphite as fillers, Wear 362 (2016) 199-208.

[141] A.S. Rathaur, V.K. Patel, J.K. Katiyar, Tribo-mechanical properties of graphite/talc modified polymer composite bearing balls, Mater. Res. Express 7 (1) (2020) 015305.

[142] A.K. Sharma, A.S. Rathaur, J.K. Katiyar, V.K. Patel, S. Bhaumik, A comparative study of tribological and mechanical properties of composite polymer coatings on bearing steel, Int. J. Surf. Sci. Eng. 12 (5-6) (2018) 379.

[143] V. Saini, J. Bijwe, S. Seth, S.S.V. Ramakumar, Potential exploration of nano-talc particles for enhancing the anti-wear and extreme pressure performance of oil, Tribol. Int. 151 (2020) 106452.

[144] P.C. Boon, H. Md. Akil, R. Md. Nasir, Dry sliding wear behaviour of talc-reinforced UHMWPE composite for implant application, Sains Malays. 44 (6) (2015) 819-825.

[145] R. Maderuelo-Sanz, A.V. Nadal-Gisbert, J.E. Crespo-Amorós, J.M.B. Morillas, F. Parres-García, E.J. Sanchis, Influence of the microstructure in the acoustical performance of consolidated lightweight granular materials, Acoust. Aust. 44 (1) (2016) 149-157.

[146] J.H. Lin, T.T. Li, C.H. Huang, Y.C. Chuang, C.W. Lou, Manufacture and properties of protective sound-absorbing mesh-reinforced composite foam board: Effects of filler content and mesh opening, Fibres Polym. 16 (9) (2015) 2046-2055.

[147] T.T. Li, Y.C. Chuang, C.H. Huang, C.W. Lou, J.H. Lin, Applying vermiculite and perlite fillers to sound-absorbing/thermal-insulating resilient PU foam composites, Fibres Polym. 16 (3) (2015) 691-698.

[148] C.H. Huang, C.W. Lou, Y.C. Chuang, C.F. Liu, Z.C. Yu, J.H. Lin, Rigid/flexible polyurethane foam composite boards with addition of functional fillers: acoustics evaluations, Sains Malays. 44 (12) (2015) 1757-1763.

[149] M.L. Du, B.C. Guo, D.M. Jia, Newly emerging applications of halloysite nanotubes: a review, Polym. Int. 59 (5) (2010) 574-582.

[150] L.G. Peng, L. Lei, Y.Q. Liu, L.F. Du, Mechanical and sound absorption performance of addition type liquid silicone rubber reinforced with halloysite nanotubes, Mater. Res. Express 8 (1) (2021) 015309.

[151] Y.W. Wang, X.Q. Zuo, D.H. Kong, Y. Zhou, A comparative analysis of sound absorption performance of ZL104/aluminum fiber composite foam, J. Mater. Res. 34 (21) (2019) 3717-3724.

[152] Z. Talebi, P. Soltani, N. Habibi, F. Latifi, Silica aerogel/polyester blankets for efficient sound absorption in buildings, Constr. Build. Mater. 220 (2019) 76-89.

[153] S. Basirjafari, Effects of CNT loading on cellular structures and sound absorption of PU foams, Micro Nano Lett. 13 (10) (2018) 1501-1505.

[154] M. Vašina, D. Plachá, M. Mikeska, L. Hružík, G.S. Martynková, Sound absorption study of raw and expanded particulate vermiculites, Appl. Phys. A 122 (12) (2016) 998.

[155] W.L. Tian, Z. Li, K.W. Zhang, Z.H. Ge, Facile synthesis of exfoliated vermiculite nanosheets as a thermal stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride resin, RSC Adv. 9 (34) (2019) 19675-19679.

[156] B.K. Satapathy, A. Patnaik, N. Dadkar, D.K. Kolluri, B.S. Tomar, Influence of vermiculite on performance of flyash-based fibre-reinforced hybrid composites as friction materials, Mater. Des. 32 (8-9) (2011) 4354-4361.

[157] A. Zotti, A. Borriello, A. Martone, V. Antonucci, M. Giordano, M. Zarrelli, Effect of sepiolite filler on mechanical behaviour of a bisphenol A-based epoxy system, Compos. Part B Eng. 67 (2014) 400-409.

[158] Y.S. Park, C.W. Joo, Effects of nanoparticles on tensile, electrical, and thermal properties of Hemp/PBTG composites, Fibres Polym. 17 (11) (2016) 1934-1944.

[159] D. Liu, J.P. Li, P. Zhang, J. Shen, L. Chen, T. Wu, M. Chen, Y.P. Wu, X.L. Zhao, Multilayered epoxy composites by a macroscopic anisotropic design strategy with excellent thermal protection, J. Mater. Sci. 55 (30) (2020) 14798-14806.

[160] Z.J. Meng, Y.X. Wang, X.C. Xin, H. Liu, Y.F. Yan, F.Y. Yan, Effects of attapulgite on the worn surface and fretting wear resistance property of UHMWPE composites, Ind. Lubr. Tribol. 72 (7) (2020) 821-827.

[161] Y.V. Kirillina, N.N. Lazareva, S.A. Sleptsova, A.A. Okhlopkova, Effect of organo-modified layered silicates on the properties and structure of polytetrafluoroethylene, Polym. Sci. Ser. A 58 (1) (2016) 95-101.

[162] S.A. Sleptsova, Y.V. Kapitonova, N.N. Lazareva, M.M. Makarov, Wear-resistant polymer composites based on polytetrafluoroethylene and layered silicates, KnE Mater. Sci. 1 (1) (2016) 149.

[163] D.H. Xiang, C.J. Gu, A study on the friction and wear behavior of PTFE filled with ultra-fine Kaolin particulates, Mater. Lett. 60 (5) (2006) 689-692.

[164] K. Dědková, M. Morbach, J. Výravský, K.M. Kutláková, K. Čabanová, M. Vaculík, J. Kukutschová, Nanocomposite Kaolin/TiO₂ as a possible functional filler in automotive brake pads , J. Nanomater. 2018 (2018) 9780894.

[165] V. Kumar D, N. Mohan, A. Bongale, N. Khedkar, Impact of silane treated basalt fibers and montmorillonite nano-clay on polypropylene composites, Mater. Res. Express 6 (12) (2019) 125325.

[166] S.I. Durowaye, O.I. Sekunowo, G.I. Lawal, I.A. Raheem, Thermal and tribological characterizations of millscale-particles-reinforced ceramic matrix composites, J. Taibah Univ. Sci. 12 (2) (2018) 218-229.

[167] X.L. Xu, X. Lu, D.L. Yang, E. Zhang, Effects of vermiculite on the tribological behavior of PI-matrix friction materials, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 87 (2015) 012024.

[168] J. Wang, X.C. Guo, M.J. Jiang, Y. He, W.G. Zhou, T. Li, Study on performance of grease based on ultrafine bentonite as thickener, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Materials and Engineering and Industrial Applications (Meia 2015), 2015, pp. 1-8.

[169] J. Wang, X.C. Guo, M.J. Jiang, Y. He, Study on preparation and properties of grease based on ultrafine bentonite powder, China Pet. Process. Petrochem. Technol. 18 (2) (2016) 108-114.

[170] B. Muralidhara, S.P. Kumaresh Babu, G. Hemanth, B. Suresha, Optimization of abrasive wear behaviour of halloysite nanotubes filled carbon fabric reinforced epoxy hybrid composites, Surf. Topogr. Metrol. Prop. 8 (4) (2020) 045028.

[171] G. Suresh, V. Vasu, G. Raghavendra, Optimization of input parameters on erosion wear rate of PTFE/HNT filled nanocomposites, Mater. Today Proc. 5 (1) (2018) 1462-1469.

[172] B.P. Chang, H. Md Akil, R. Bt Nasir, A. Khan, Optimization on wear performance of UHMWPE composites using response surface methodology, Tribol. Int. 88 (2015) 252-262.

[173] A.D. Dongare, R.R. Kharde, A.D. Kachare, Introduction to artificial neural network, Int. J. Eng. Innov. Technol. 2 (1) (2012) 189-194.

[174] H. Pratiwi, A.P. Windarto, S. Susliansyah, R.R. Aria, S. Susilowati, L.K. Rahayu, Y. Fitriani, A. Merdekawati, I.R. Rahadjeng, Sigmoid activation function in selecting the best model of artificial neural networks, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1471 (1) (2020) 012010.

[175] M. Choraś, M. Pawlicki, Intrusion detection approach based on optimised artificial neural network, Neurocomputing 452 (2021) 705-715.

[176] C.P. Obite, N.P. Olewuezi, G.U. Ugwuanyim, D.C. Bartholomew, Multicollinearity effect in regression analysis: a feed forward artificial neural network approach, Asian J. Probab. Stat. 6 (1) (2020) 22-33.

[177] S. Kumar, Priyadarshan, S.K. Ghosh, Statistical and computational analysis of an environment-friendly MWCNT/NiSO₄ composite materials , J. Manuf. Process. 66 (2021) 11-26.

[178] D. Lingaraju, K. Ramji, N.B.R.M. Rao, U.R. Lakshmi, Characterization and prediction of some engineering properties of polymer-clay/silica hybrid nanocomposites through ANN and regression models, Procedia Eng. 10 (2011) 9-18.

[179] M.S. Hasan, A. Kordijazi, P.K. Rohatgi, M. Nosonovsky, Triboinformatic modeling of dry friction and wear of aluminum base alloys using machine learning algorithms, Tribol. Int. 161 (2021) 107065.

[180] A. Goriely, S. Budday, E. Kuhl, Neuromechanics: from neurons to brain, in: Stéphane P.A. Bordas (Ed.), Advances in Applied Mechanic, Elsevier, 2015, pp. 79-139.