Zircon U–Pb ages and O–Hf isotopes of Quaternary trachytes from the East Sea: Implications for the genesis of low-δ¹⁸O magmas

Abstract

Quaternary intraplate magmatism formed several volcanic islands and seamounts, including Dokdo (DD), Ulleungdo (UD), Simheungtack (ST), Anyongbok, and Isabu in the southwest of the East Sea back-arc basin. In this study, we present whole-rock geochemical, zircon U–Pb age, and in situ O–Hf isotope data for the submerged volcanic rocks from DD, UD, and ST to provide new insights into the eruption timing of these volcanoes and constrain the magma evolution processes. All samples used in this study were trachytes and exhibited ferroan, alkalic, and metaluminous to weakly peraluminous characteristics. They showed light rare earth element (REE)-enriched patterns with (La/Yb)_N ratios of 25.3–31.7 and mostly negative Eu anomalies in a chondrite-normalized REE plot. In addition, they were enriched in large-ion lithophile elements and high field strength elements; they exhibited positive Pb anomalies and strongly negative Ba, Sr, P, and Ti anomalies. The zircons yielded a weighted-mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 2.61, 0.348–0.704, and 2.76–2.94 Ma for the DD, UD, and ST trachytes, respectively. All zircons exhibited lower δ¹⁸O values than normal depleted mantle values, regardless of the crystallization age and spatial distribution of volcanoes. The δ¹⁸O values showed no correlation with U contents or Th/U ratios, indicating that the low δ¹⁸O signatures were of primary magmatic origin. The Hf isotopic compositions of the zircons were relatively heterogeneous but predominately characterized by positive ε_Hf values. Binary O–Hf mixing modeling revealed that low-δ¹⁸O rocks with positive ε_Hf values from the UD and ST volcanoes were derived from a hybrid source of recycled juvenile crustal materials with low-δ¹⁸O and positive ε_Hf signatures and an enriched mantle source with normal δ¹⁸O and negative ε_Hf values. The juvenile oceanic crust in the source was likely metasomatized by seawater at high temperatures prior to melting. In contrast, the felsic magma that formed the DD volcanoes may have assimilated with regional basement rocks (Triassic–Jurassic granitoids), resulting in increased δ¹⁸O values and decreased ε_Hf values relative to those of the UD and ST volcanoes. Our study highlights the significant contribution of recycled oceanic crust materials to the generation of the Quaternary magmas.

Keywords

Quaternary intraplate volcanism / East Sea / Zircon O–Hf isotopes / Low-δ¹⁸O magma / Recycled juvenile oceanic crust

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Hyun-Ok Choi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing – original draft. Jihye Oh: Methodology, Validation. Chang Hwan Kim: Data curation, Investigation. Soon Young Choi: Investigation, Visualization. Won Hyuck Kim: Investigation. Chan Hong Park: Supervision, Funding acquisition.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a project on the sustainable research and development of Dokdo (Grant No. PG52911), which is funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea. We are grateful to Dr. Youn Soo Lee for his helpful comments and suggestions. We thank the insightful comments by Prof. Haibo Zou and one anonymous reviewer, as well as the efficient editorial handling by Associate Editor Dr. Kristoffer Szilas and Editorial Advisor Prof. M. Santosh.

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