Ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoirs quality evaluation with a new perspective on petrofacies and differential diagenesis: Insights from the Tarim Basin

Abstract

Ultra-deep sandstone reservoirs are characterized by poor petrophysical properties. Identifying effective reservoir rocks and evaluating reservoir quality are key but challenging aspects in the exploration and development of ultra-deep hydrocarbon reservoirs. Adopting the Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation of the Keshen gas field in the Tarim Basin with burial depths exceeding 8000 m as an example, we evaluated the quality of this ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoir by classifying petrofacies and analyzing the diagenetic evolution of different petrofacies. We revealed that although the petrophysical properties of ultra-deep reservoirs are poor, effective reservoir rocks with relatively high porosities and permeabilities can still develop locally. According to the detrital mineralogy and texture, diagenesis, and pore system, we classified sandstone into effective petrofacies (ductile lithic-lean sandstone) and tight petrofacies (ductile lithic-rich sandstone and tightly carbonate-cemented sandstone), which underwent differential diagenetic evolution processes. Such processes significantly influence the quality of ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoirs. High contents of ductile grains and carbonate cement explained the low reservoir quality. The ductile lithic-rich sandstone was relatively fine-grained and contained a high content of ductile grains, which, owing to mechanical compaction during early burial, were compacted and largely occupied the pore space, yielding a low reservoir quality. The carbonate-cemented sandstone pores were filled with large amounts of carbonate cements during early diagenesis, resulting in a low reservoir quality. The ductile lithic-lean sandstone was relatively coarse-grained, contained a high content of rigid grains, and exhibited moderate compaction, with relatively well-developed primary pores and secondary dissolution pores. This sandstone exhibited the highest reservoir quality and represents an effective reservoir rock type in ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoirs. This study provides new insights for the evaluation of the effective properties of ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoirs.

Keywords

Petrofacies / Differential diagenetic evolution / Ultra-deep sandstone reservoirs / Reservoir quality / Tarim Basin

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Zhida Liu: Writing - original draft, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Conceptualization. Xiaorong Luo: Visualization, Supervision, Resources, Project administration. Xiaofei Fu: Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Data curation. Xianqiang Song: Methodology, Investigation, Data curation. Haijun Yang: Methodology, Investigation. Haixue Wang: Software, Resources.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

This research received support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42202156), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2025T180122), and the Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Fund (Grant No. LBH-Z24102). The authors would like to express their particularly grateful to that PetroChina Tarim Oil Field Company, PetroChina provided cores.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2026.102252.

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