Linking Gondwana inheritance to Alpine paleogeography in the Northern Dora-Maira Massif (Western Alps)

Abstract

Inherited structures in rifted continental margins strongly influence the architecture and evolution of collisional orogens. The northern Dora-Maira Massif in the Western Alps (NW Italy) preserves records of such inheritances, capturing the transition from Gondwana inheritance to Alpine convergence. New lithostratigraphic and structural data, together with U-Pb zircon dating, reveal a long-lasting tectonostratigraphic and/or magmatic evolution during (i) pre-Permian, (ii) Permian, (iii) Triassic and (iv) Jurassic time intervals. The heterogeneous Paleozoic basement consists of pre-Variscan micaschist and metabasite, and was intruded by Permian igneous bodies now corresponding to the Borgone metagranite and Luserna augen gneiss. The basement was later overlain by a Mesozoic cover made up of Lower Triassic siliciclastic sediments, a Middle to Upper Triassic carbonate platform and Lower to Middle Jurassic syn-rift deposits linked to the opening of the Ligurian-Piedmont Ocean Basin. Our results highlight that the Dora-Maira Massif was located within a transitional paleogeographic domain, emphasizing the role of pre-rift architecture in governing margin segmentation. Successive cycles of sedimentation, magmatism, and rifting created structural and rheological heterogeneities that may have localized strain during the Cenozoic Alpine-related overprinting. The Dora-Maira case illustrates that deep-time inherited structures and tectonostratigraphic settings continue to influence rifting, subduction, and collision, offering a broader framework for understanding the dynamics of orogens worldwide.

Keywords

Pre-orogenic tectonostratigraphy / Structural inheritance / Ocean-continent transition zone / Western Alps / Dora-Maira Massif

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Gianni Balestro: Writing - original draft, Validation, Supervision, Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Matthieu Roà: Writing - original draft, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Carlo Bertok: Writing - original draft, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Marco Gattiglio: Writing - review & editing, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Stefano Ghignone: Writing - review & editing, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Chiara Groppo: Writing - original draft, Visualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Valby van Schijndel: Writing - original draft, Visualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Andrea Festa: Writing - original draft, Validation, Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks are due to A. Borghi for his important contribution in geochronological analyses and discussion about the geology of the Dora-Maira Massif. L. Martire is greatly acknowledged for sharing his experience in cathodoluminescence analyses. We extend our sincere thanks to the Handling Editor S. Kwon and to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and thorough reviews. This work was supported by research grants from the Italian Ministry of University and Research (Cofin-PRIN 2020 ‘POEM project – POligEnetic Melanges: anatomy, significance and societal impact’: grant No. 2020542ET7_003 awarded to A.F.).

References

[1] Agard, P., 2021. Subduction of oceanic lithosphere in the Alps: Selective and archetypal from (slow- spreading) oceans. Earth Sci. Rev. 214, 103517.

[2] Agostoni, A., Barello, F., Borghi, A., Compagnoni, R., 2017. The white marble of the Arch of Augustus (Susa, North-Western Italy): Mineralogical and petrographic analysis for the definition of its origin. Archaeometry 59 (3), 395-416.

[3] Avigad, D., Chopin, C., Le Bayon, R., 2003. Thrusting and extension in the southern Dora-Maira ultra-high pressure massif (Western Alps): View from below the coesite-bearing unit. J. Geol. 111 (1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1086/344664.

[4] Balestro, G., Fioraso, G., Lombardo, B., 2011. Geological map of the upper Pellice Valley (Italian Western Alps). J. Maps 7 (1), 634-654. https://doi.org/10.4113/jom.2011.1213.

[5] Balestro, G., Fioraso, G., Lombardo, B., 2013. Geological map of the Monviso massif (Western Alps). J. Maps 9 (4), 623-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2013.842507.

[6] Balestro, G., Festa, A., Dilek, Y., Tartarotti, P., 2015. Pre-Alpine extensional tectonics of a peridotite localized oceanic core complex in the late Jurassic, high-pressure Monviso ophiolite (Western Alps). Episodes 38 (4), 266-282 https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2015/v38i4/82421.

[7] Balestro, G., Festa, A., Borghi, A., Castelli, D., Gattiglio, M., Tartarotti, P., 2018. Role of late Jurassic intra-oceanic structural inheritance in the Alpine tectonic evolution of the Monviso meta-ophiolite complex (Western Alps). Geol. Mag. 155 (2), 233-249.

[8] Balestro, G., Festa, A., Dilek, Y., 2019. Structural architecture of the Western Alpine Ophiolites, and the Jurassic seafloor spreading tectonics of the Alpine Tethys. J. Geol. Soc. London 176 (5), 913-930. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-099.

[9] Balestro, G., Nosenzo, F., Cadoppi, P., Fioraso, G., Groppo, C., Festa, A., 2020. Geology of the southern Dora- Maira Massif: Insights from a sector with mixed ophiolitic and continental rocks (Valmala tectonic unit, Western Alps). J. Maps 16 (2), 736-744. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2020.1824825.

[10] Balestro, G., Festa, A., Cadoppi, P., Groppo, C., Roà M., 2022a. Pre-orogenic tectonostratigraphic evolution of the European distal margin-alpine Tethys transition zone in high-pressure units of the southwestern Alps. Geosciences 12 (10), 358. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12100358.

[11] Balestro, G., Festa, A., De Caroli, S., Barbero, E., Borghi, A., Gianotti, F., 2022b. Multistage tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Canavese Intracontinental Suture Zone: new constraints on the tectonics of the Inner Western Alps. Geosci. Front. 13 (6), 101448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2022.101448.

[12] Balestro, G., Gattiglio, M., Roà M., Festa, A., 2025a. Tectonic relationships between the Paleozoic basement and the Mesozoic cover succession in the northern Dora-Maira Massif (Susa Valley, Western Alps). J. Maps 21 (1), 2451785. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2025.2451785.

[13] Balestro, G., van Schijndel, V., Gattiglio, M., Borghi, A., Ghignone, S., 2025b. Laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of zircon U-Pb from a European terrane (Western Alps, Italy). GFZ Data Services. https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2025.061.

[14] Ballèvre, M., Manzotti, P., Dal Piaz, G.V., 2018. Pre-Alpine (Variscan) inheritance: a key for the location of the future Valaisan Basin (Western Alps). Tectonics 37 (3), 786-817. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004633.

[15] Ballèvre, M., Camonin, A., Manzotti, P., Poujol, M., 2020. A step towards unraveling the paleogeographic attribution of pre-Mesozoic basement complexes in the Western Alps based on U-Pb geochronology of Permian magmatism. Swiss J. Geosci. 113, 12.

[16] Barale, L., Bertok, C., d’Atri, A., Mantovani, A., Martire, L., Agostini, S., Bernasconi, S., Gerdes, A., Ferrando, S., 2021. Syn-rift hydrothermal circulation in the Mesozoic carbonates of the western Adriatic continental palaeomargin (Western Southalpine Domain, NW Italy). Basin Res. 33, 3045-3076. https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12594.

[17] Barré G., Strzerzynski, P., Michels, R., Guillot, S., Cartigny, P., Thomassot, E., Lorgeoux, C., Assayag, N., Truche, L., 2020. Tectono-metamorphic evolution of an evaporitic décollement as recorded by mineral and fluid geochemistry: the “Nappe des Gypses” (Western Alps) case study. Lithos 358-359, 105419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105419.

[18] Beltrando, M., Compagnoni, R., Lombardo, B., 2010. (Ultra-) High-pressure metamorphism and orogenesis: an Alpine perspective. Gondwana Res. 18 (1), 147-166.

[19] Beltrando, M., Manatschal, G., Mohn, G., Dal Piaz, G., Vitale, B.A., Masini, E., 2014. Recognizing remnants of magma-poor rifted margins in high-pressure orogenic belts: the Alpine case study. Earth Sci. Rev. 131, 88-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.01.001.

[20] Berra, F., Galli, M.T.M., Reghellin, F., Torricelli, S., Fantoni, R., 2009. Stratigraphic evolution of the Triassic-Jurassic succession in the Western Southern Alps (Italy): the record of the two-stage rifting of the distal passive margin of Adria. Basin Res. 21 (3), 335-353.

[21] Bergomi, M.A., Dal Piaz, G.V., Malusà M.G., Monopoli, B., Tunesi, A., 2017. The grand St Bernard-Briançonnais nappe system and the paleozoic inheritance of the western alps unraveled by zircon U-Pb dating. Tectonics 36 (12), 2950-2972.

[22] Bertok, C., Martire, L., Perotti, E., d’Atri, A., Piana, F., 2011. Middle-late Jurassic syndepositional tectonics recorded in the Ligurian Briançonnais succession (Marguareis-Mongioie area, Ligurian Alps, NW Italy). Swiss J. Geosci. 104 (2), 237-255.

[23] Bertok, C., Musso, A., d’Atri, A., Martire, L., Piana, F., 2018. Geology of the Colle di Tenda - Monte Marguareis area (Ligurian Alps, NW Italy). J. Maps 14 (2), 542-551. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2018.1500497.

[24] Bertrand, J.M., Pidgeon, R.T., Leterrier, J., Guillot, F., Gasquet, D., Gattiglio, M., 2000. SHRIMP and IDTIMS U-Pb zircon ages of the pre-Alpine basement in the Internal Western Alps (Savoy and Piemont). Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 80 (3), 225-248.

[25] Boni, A., Cerro, A., Gianotti, R., Vanossi, M., 1971. Note Illustrative della Carta Geologica d’Italia alla scala 1:100000, Foglio 92-93, Albenga-Savona. Serv. Geol. It., 142 (in Italian)

[26] Bonioli, L., Cadoppi, P., Sacchi, R., 1992. Occurrence of metavolcanics in the southernmost Dora-Maira Massif (Italian Western Alps). In: Carmignani L., Sassi F.P. (Eds.),Contributions to the Geology of Italy with Special Regard to the Paleozoic Basements. A volume dedicated to Tommaso Cocozza. IGCP Proj. 276. Newsletter (5), 237-240.

[27] Bonnet, G., Chopin, C., Locatelli, M., Kyander-Clark, A., Hacker, B.R., 2022. Protracted subduction of the European hyperextended margin revealed by rutile U- Pb geochronology across the Dora-Maira massif ( W. Alps). Tectonics 41 (4), e2021TC007170. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021TC007170.

[28] Borghi, A., Cadoppi, P., Porro, A., Sacchi, R., Sandrone, R., 1984. Osservazioni geologiche nella Val Germanasca e nella media Val Chisone (Alpi Cozie). Boll. Mus. Sci. Nat. Torino 2, 503-530 (in Italian).

[29] Breitkreuz, C., Rocchi, S., 2018. Physical Geology of Shallow Magmatic Systems: Dykes, Sills and Laccoliths. Springer, 409 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14084-1.

[30] Bussy, F., Cadoppi, P., 1996. U-Pb zircon dating of granitoids from the Dora-Maira massif (Western Italian Alps). Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 76, 217-233. https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-57699.

[31] Butler, R.W.H., Tavarnelli, E., Grasso, M., 2006. Structural inheritance in mountain belts: an Alpine-Apennine perspective. J. Struct. Geol. 28, 1893-1908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.09.006.

[32] Butler, J.P., Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R.A., 2013. The Alps 1: a working geodynamic model for burial and exhumation of (ultra)high pressure rocks in Alpine-type orogens. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 377, 114-131.

[33] Cadoppi, P., 1988. Osservazioni sui granitoidi nel settore settentrionale del Massiccio Dora-Maira (Val Sangone e Val Susa). Rend. Soc. Geol. It. 11, 175-178 (in Italian).

[34] Cadoppi, P., 1990. Geologia del basamento cristallino nel settore settentrionale del massiccio dora-maira (Alpi Occidentali). Ph.D. thesis, University of Torino, p. 208 (in Italian).

[35] Cadoppi, P., Tallone, S., 1992. Structural and lithostratigraphic heterogeneity of the northern part of Dora-Maira massif (Western Alps). Atti Tic. Sci. Terra 35, 9-18.

[36] Cadoppi, P., Castelletto, M., Sacchi, R., Baggio, P., Carraro, F., Giraud, V., 2002. Note illustrative della Carta Geologica d’Italia alla scala 1:50.000, Foglio 154, Susa. Servizio Geologico. d’Italia (in Italian).

[37] Cadoppi, P., Camanni, G., Balestro, G., Perrone, G., 2016. Geology of the Fontane talc mineralization (Germanasca valley, Italian Western Alps). J. Maps 12 (5), 1170-1177. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2016.1142480.

[38] Casini, L., Cuccuru, S., Puccini, A., Oggiano, G., Rossi, P., 2015. Evolution of the Corsica-Sardinia batholith and late-orogenic shearing of the Variscides. Tectonophysics 646, 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.01.017.

[39] Cassinis, G., Perotti, C., Santi, G., 2018. Post-Variscan Verrucano-like deposits in Italy, and the onset of the alpine tectono-sedimentary cycle. Earth Sci. Rev. 185, 476-497.

[40] Castelli, D., Rolfo, F., Groppo, C., Compagnoni, R., 2007. Impure marbles from the UHP Brossasco-Isasca Unit (Dora-Maira Massif, western Alps): evidence for Alpine equilibration in the diamond stability field and evaluation of the X(CO₂) fluid evolution. J. Metam. Geol. 25 (6), 587-603.

[41] Chen, Y.X., Schertl, H.P., Zheng, Y.F., Huang, F., Zhou, K., Gong, Y.Z., 2016. Mg-O isotopes trace the origin of Mg-rich fluids in the deeply subducted continental crust of Western Alps. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 456, 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.010.

[42] Chen, Y.X., Zhou, K., He, Q., Zheng, Y.F., Schertl, H.P., Chen, K., 2023. First finding of continental deep subduction in the Sesia Zone of the Western Alps and implications for subduction dynamics. Nat. Sci Rev. 10 (5), 2178-2194. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwad023.

[43] Chopin, C., 1984. Coesite and pure pyrope in high-grade blueschists of the Western Alps: a first record and some consequences. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 86, 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00381838.

[44] Chopin, C., Henry, C., Michard, A., 1991. Geology and petrology of the coesite bearing terrain, Dora Maira massif, Western Alps. Europ. J. Mineral. 3 (2), 263-291. https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/3/2/0263.

[45] Cocco, F., Loi, A., Funedda, A., Casini, L., Ghienne, J.F., Pillola, G.L., Vidal, M., Meloni, M.A., Oggiano, G., 2023. Ordovician tectonics of the South European Variscan Realm: new insights from Sardinia. Int. J. Earth Sci. 112 (1), 321-344.

[46] Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L., Fan, J.X., 2013. The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart.[updated 2025]. Episodes 36 (3), 199-204.

[47] Compagnoni, R., Borghi, A., Cadoppi, P., Ferrando, S., Gattiglio, M., Ruffini, R., 2003. The abundance of 47 elements and petrovolumetric models of the crust in the Susa Valley, Western Alps. Ac. Naz. Sci. XL 32, 69-96.

[48] Compagnoni, R., Rolfo, F., Groppo, C., Hirajima, T., Turello, R., 2012. Geological map of the ultra-high pressure Brossasco-Isasca unit (Western Alps, Italy). J. Maps 8 (4), 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2012.744367.

[49] Cortesogno, L., Dallagiovanna, G., Gaggero, L., Seno, S., Vanossi, M., 1998. Tettonica e vulcanismo tardo-Paleozoici nel dominio prepiemontese delle Alpi Liguri: La testimonianza della successione del Colle Scravaion. Atti Tic. Sci. Terra 7, 17-26 (in Italian).

[50] Costamagna, L.G., 2024. The Triassic Buntsandstein sedimentary basins of Sardinia (Italy) and their transition to the Brianzonese Ridge (W Alps): crossroads through the W-Tethys areas. J. Geol. Soc. 182 (2), jgs2024-088. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2024-088.

[51] Coward, M.P., Dietrich, D., 1989. Alpine tectonics-an overview. In: Coward M.P., Dietrich D., Park R.G. (Eds.),Alpine Tectonics. Geol. Society 45, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.045.01.01.

[52] Cruciani, G., Franceschelli, M., Musumeci, G., Spani, M.E., Tiepolo, M., 2013. U-Pb zircon dating and nature of metavolcanics and metarkoses from the Monte Grighini Unit: new insights on late Ordovician magmatism in the Variscan belt in Sardinia, Italy. Int. J. Earth Sci. 102 (8), 2077-2096.

[53] d’Atri, A., Piana, F., Barale, L., Bertok, C., Martire, L., 2016. Geological setting of the southern termination of Western Alps. Int. J. Earth Sci. 105 (6), 1831-1858.

[54] Dalla Giovanna, G., Gaggero, L., Maino, M., Seno, S., Tiepolo, M., 2009. U-Pb zircon ages for post-Variscan volcanism in the Ligurian Alps (Northern Italy). J. Geol. Soc. 166 (1), 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492008-027.

[55] Dal Piaz, G.V., 1999. The Austroalpine-Piedmont nappe stack and the puzzle of Alpine Tethys. Mem. Sci. Geol. 51 (1), 155-176.

[56] Dal Piaz, G.V., Bistacchi, A., Massironi, M., 2003. Geological outline of the Alps. Episodes 26 (3), 175-180 https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2003/v26i3/004.

[57] Decarlis, A., Lualdi, L., 2008. Late Triassic-Early Jurassic paleokarst from the Ligurian Alps and its geological significance (Siderolitico Auct., Ligurian Briançonnais domain). Swiss J. Geosci. 101 (3), 579-593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1302-0.

[58] Decarlis, A., Dallagiovanna, G., Lualdi, A., Maino, M., Seno, S., 2013. Stratigraphic evolution in the Ligurian Alps between Variscan heritages and the Alpine Tethys opening: a review. Earth Sci. Rev. 125 (145), 43-68.

[59] De Togni, M., Balestro, G., Rubatto, D., Castelli, D., Gattiglio, M., Festa, A., 2024. Late Jurassic magmatism in the Ligurian-Piedmont Ocean constrained by zircon ages of mafic and felsic meta-intrusives. Terra Nova 36 (5), 403-413. https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12723.

[60] Diamanti, R., Awais, M., Camanni, G., D’Antonio, M., Della Porta, G., Renzo, V., Graziano, S., Iannace, A., Kylander-Clark, A., Vitale, E., Vitale, S., 2024. Fault-controlled saddle dolomitization during the late Triassic Pangea breakup in the southern Adria domain (Southern Italy). Marine Petrol. Geol. 174, 107216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2024.107216.

[61] Di Vincenzo, G., Tonarini, S., Lombardo, B., Castelli, D., Ottolini, L., 2006. Comparison of 40Ar-39Ar and Rb-Sr data on phengites from the UHP Brossasco-Isasca unit (Dora Maira Massif, Italy): Implications for dating white mica. J. Petrol. 47 (4), 1439-1465. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egl018.

[62] Dumont, T., Lemoine, M., Tricart, P., 1984. Tectonique synsédimentairetriasico-jurassique et rifting téthysien dans l’unité prépiémontaise deRochebrune au Sud-Est de Briançon. Bull. Soc. Géol. France 26 (5), 921-933 (in French with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.S7-XXVI.5.921.

[63] Elter, G., 1972. Contribution a la connaissance du Briançonnais interne et de la bordure piémontaise dans les Alpes Graies nord-orientales et considérations sur les rapports entre les zones du Briançonnais et des Schistes Lustrés. Mem. Inst. Geol. Mineral. Univ. Padova 28, 1-19 (in French).

[64] Erdos, Z., Huismans, R., Beek, P., Thieulot, C., 2014. Extensional inheritance and surface processes as controlling factors of mountain belt structure. J. Geophysic. Res. Solid Earth. 119 (12), 9042-9061. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011408.

[65] Faure, J.L., Megard-Galli, J., 1988. L’émersion jurassique en Briançonnais: sédimentation continentale et fracturation distensive. Bull. Soc. Géol. France 8 (4), 681-692. in French with English abstract).

[66] Ferrando, S., Bernoulli, D., Compagnoni, R., 2004. The Canavese zone (internal Western Alps): a distal margin of Adria. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 84 (3), 237-256.

[67] Ferrando, S., Groppo, C., Frezzotti, M.L., Castelli, D., Proyer, A., 2017. Dissolving dolomite in a stable UHP mineral assemblage: evidence from Cal-Dol marbles of the Dora- Maira Massif (Italian Western Alps). Am. Mineralogist 102 (1), 42-60.

[68] Festa, A., Balestro, G., Borghi, A., De Caroli, S., Succo, A., 2020. The role of structural inheritance in continental break-up and exhumation of Alpine Tethyan mantle (Canavese Zone, Western Alps). Geosci. Front. 11 (1), 167-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.11.007.

[69] Festa, A., Meneghini, F., Balestro, G., Pandolfi, L., Tartarotti, P., Dilek, Y., Marroni, M., 2021. Comparative analysis of the sedimentary cover units of the Jurassic Western Tethys Ophiolites in the Northern Apennines and Western Alps (Italy): processes of the formation of mass transport and chaotic deposits during seafloor spreading and subduction zone tectonics. J. Geology 129, 533-561. https://doi.org/10.1086/716498.

[70] Franchi, S., 1898. Sull’età mesozoica della zona delle pietre verdi nelle Alpi Occidentali. Boll. r. Comit. Geol. It. 29, 173-247 (in Italian).

[71] Franke, W., Cocks, L.R.M., Torsvik, T.H., 2019. Detrital zircons and the interpretation of palaeogeography, with the Variscan Orogeny as an example. Geol. Mag. 157 (4), 690-694. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756819000943.

[72] Frasca, G., Manatschal, G., Chenin, P., 2024. Kinematic reconstruction of the Alpine Tethys and surrounding Mesozoic rifted margins. Int. J. Earth Sci. 113, 1053-1065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-024-02407-9.

[73] Fudral, S., Deville, E., Pognante, U., Gay, M., Fregolent, G., Lorenzini, S., Robert, D., Nicoud, G., Black, C., Jayko, A., Jaillard, E., Bertrand, J.M., Forno, M.G., Massazza, G., 1994. Lanslebourg-Mont-d’Ambin— Carte géologique de la France a‘ 1/ 50 000. Ministére de l’industrie, B.R.G.M (in French).

[74] Fudral, S., 1996. Etude géologique de la suture téthysienne dans les Alpes franco-italiennes nord-occidentales de la Doire Ripaire (Italie) à la région de Bourg-Saint-Maurice (France). Ph.D. thesis, Tectonique, Université de Savoie, p. 306 (in French).

[75] Gambino, F., Borghi, A., d’Atri, A., Martire, L., Cavallo, M., Appolonia, L., Croveri, P., 2019. Minero-petrographic characterization of Chianocco marble employed for Palazzo Madama Façade in Turin (Northwest Italy). Sustainability 11 (15), 4229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154229.

[76] Gasco, I., Gattiglio, M., Borghi, A., 2011. Lithostratigraphic setting and P-T metamorphic evolution for the Dora Maira Massif along the Piedmont Zone boundary (middle Susa Valley, NW Alps). Int. J. Earth Sci. 100 (5), 1065-1085. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-011-0640-8.

[77] Gasco, I., Gattiglio, M., Borghi, A., 2013. Review of metamorphic and kinematic data from internal crystalline massifs (Western Alps): PTt paths and exhumation history. J. Geodyn. 63, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2012.09.006.

[78] Gasser, D., Grenne, T., Corfu, F., Bøe, R., Røhr, T., Slagstad, T., 2022. Concurrent MORB-type and ultrapotassic volcanism in an extensional basin along the Laurentian Iapetus margin: Tectonomagmatic response to Ordovician arc-continent collision and subduction polarity flip. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 134 (7-8), 1635-1659. https://doi.org/10.1130/B36113.1.

[79] Gauthiez-Putallaz, L., Rubatto, D., Hermann, J., 2016. Dating prograde fluid pulses during subduction by in situ U-Pb and oxygen isotope analysis. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 171 (2), 15.

[80] Gebauer, D., Schertl, H.P., Brix, M., Schreyer, W., 1997. 35 Ma old ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and evidence for very rapid exhumation in the Dora Maira Massif, Western Alps. Lithos 41 (1-3), 5-24.

[81] Ghignone, S., Gattiglio, M., Balestro, G., Borghi, A., 2020. Geology of the Susa Shear Zone (Susa Valley, Western Alps). J. Maps 16 (2), 79-86.

[82] Gilotti, J.A., McClelland, W.C., Schorn, S., Compagnoni, R., Coble, M.A., 2023. Provenance, protolith and metamorphic ages of jadeite-bearing orthogneiss and host paragneiss at Tavagnasco, the Sesia Zone, lower Aosta Valley, Italy. Europ. J. Mineral. 35 (4), 645-658.

[83] Godard, G., 2009. Two orogenic cycles in eclogite-facies gneisses of the Southern Armorican Massif (France). Europ. J. Mineral. 21 (6), 1173-1190.

[84] Groppo, C., Rolfo, F., Castelli, D., 2007. Pre-Alpine HT mineral relics in impure marbles from the UHP Brossasco-Isasca Unit (Dora-Maira Massif, western Alps). Periodico Di Mineralogia 76 (3), 155-168.

[85] Groppo, C., Ferrando, S., Gilio, M., Botta, S., Nosenzo, F., Balestro, G., Festa, A., Rolfo, F., 2019. What’s in the sandwich? New P-T constraints for the (U) HP nappe stack of southern Dora-Maira Massif (Western Alps). Europ. J. Mineral. 31, 665-683. https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2019/0031-2860.

[86] Groppo, C., Rapa, G., Frezzotti, M.L., Rolfo, F., 2021. The fate of calcareous pelites in collisional orogens. J. Metamorph. Geol. 39 (2), 181-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12568.

[87] Groppo, C., Ferrando, S., Tursi, F., Rolfo, F., 2025. A new UHPHP tectono-metamorphic architecture for the southern Dora-Maira Massif nappe stack (western Alps) based on petrologic and microstructural evidence. J. Metamorph. Geol. 43 (4), 359-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12812.

[88] Handy, M., Schmid, S., Bousquet, R., Kissling, E., Bernoulli, D., 2010. Reconciling plate-tectonic reconstructuons of Alpine Tethys with the geological-geophysical record of spreading and subduction in the Alps. Earth Sci. Rev. 102 (3-4), 121-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.06.002.

[89] Henry, C., Michard, A., Chopin, C., 1993. Geometry and structural evolution of ultra-high pressure and high pressure rocks from the Dora-Maira massif, Western Alps, Italy. J. Struct. Geol. 15 (8), 965-981. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(93)90170-F.

[90] Hermann, J., 2003. Experimental evidence for diamond-facies metamorphism in the Dora-Maira massif. Lithos 70 (3-4), 163-182.

[91] Keller, L., Schmid, S., 2001. On the kinematics of shearing near the top of the Monte Rosa nappe and the nature of the Furgg zone in Val Loranco (Antrona valley, N. Italy): Tectonometamorphic and paleogeographical consequences. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 81, 347-367.

[92] Lemoine, M., Bas, T., Arnaud-Vanneau, A., Arnaud, H., Dumont, T., Gidon, M., Bourbon, M., de Graciansky, P.-C., Rudkiewicz, J.-L., Mégard-Galli, J., Tricart, P., 1986. The continental margin of the Mesozoic Tethys in the Western Alps. Marine Geol. 3 (3), 179-199.

[93] Lemoine, M., Trümpy, R., 1987. Pre-oceanic rifting in the Alps. Tectonophysics 133 (3-4), 305-320.

[94] Linnemann, U., Gerdes, A., Drost, K., Buschmann, B., 2007. The continuum between Cadomian orogenesis and opening of the Rheic Ocean:Constraints from LA-ICPMS U-Pb zircon dating and analysis of plate-tectonic setting (Saxo-Thuringian zone, north-eastern Bohemian Massif, Germany). In: Linnemann U., Nance, R.D., Kraft, P., Zulauf, G. (Eds), The Evolution of the Rheic Ocean: from Avalonian Cadomian Active Margin to Alleghenian-Variscan Collision. Geol. Soc. Am. Sp. 423, 61-96.

[95] Linnemann, U., 2025. Inside Pangea:A brief introduction to the Variscan Orogen in central Europe. In: Linnemann U. (Ed),The Variscan Orogen of Central Europe. Springer, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-82911-6.

[96] Lualdi, A., Bianchi, U., 1990. La Formazione di Costa Losera: una nuova unità stratigrafica dell’Anisico delle Alpi Liguri (Brianzonese e Prepiemontese). Att. Tic. Sci. Terra 33, 33-62 (in Italian).

[97] Ludwig, K.R., 2003. Isoplot/EX, version 3, A geo-chronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel: Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication, 4.

[98] Luisier, C., Baumgartner, L., Putlitz, B., Vennemann, T., 2021. Whiteschist genesis through metasomatism and metamorphism in the Monte Rosa nappe (Western Alps). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 176, 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-020-01759-0.

[99] Maino, M., Gaggero, L., Langone, A., Seno, S., Fanning, M., 2018. Cambro-Silurian magmatisms at the northern Gondwana margin (Penninic basement of the Ligurian Alps). Geosci. Front. 10 (1), 315-330.

[100] Malusà G.M., Faccenna, C., Garzanti, E., Polino, R., 2011. Divergence in subduction zones and exhumation of high pressure rocks (Eocene Western Alps). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 310 (1-2), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.08.002.

[101] Manatschal, G., Chenin, P., Haupert, I., Masini, E., Frasca, G., Decarlis, A., 2022. The importance of rift inheritance in understanding the early collisional evolution of the Western Alps. Geosciences 12 (12), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12120434.

[102] Manzotti, P., Pitra, P., Langlade, J., Ballèvre, M., 2015. Constraining P-T conditions during thrusting of a higher pressure unit over a lower pressure one (Gran Paradiso, Western Alps). J. Metamorph. Geol. 33 (9), 981-1022.

[103] Manzotti, P., Ballèvre, M., Poujol, M., 2016. Detrital zircon geochronology in the Dora-Maira and zone Houillère: a record of sediment travel paths in the Carboniferous. Terra Nova 28 (4), 279-288. https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12219.

[104] Manzotti, P., Schiavi, F., Nosenzo, F., Pitra, P., Ballèvre, M., 2022. A journey towards the forbidden zone: a new cold UHP unit in the Dora-Maira Massif (Western Alps). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 177 (6), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01923-8.

[105] Manzotti, P., Millonig, L.J., Gerdes, A., Whitehouse, M.J., Jeon, H., Poujol, M., Ballèvre, M., 2025a. Protolith age, and timing of burial and exhumation of the UHP Chasteiran Unit (Dora-Maira Massif, Western Alps), constrained by zircon, garnet and rutile petrochronology. Lithos 496-497, 107951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2025.107951.

[106] Manzotti, P., Schiavi, F., Ballèvre, M., Nosenzo, F., 2025b. Garnet growth across the quartz-coesite transition in metapelites: equilibrium vs. kinetics. Europ. J. Mineral. 37 (4), 455-482. https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-455-2025.

[107] Marroni, M., Pandolfi, L., 2007. The architecture of the Jurassic Ligure-Piemontese oceanic basin: tentative reconstruction along the Northern Apennine-Alpine Corsica transect. Int. J. Earth Sci. 96 (6), 1059-1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-006-0163-x.

[108] Marroni, M., Meneghini, F., Pandolfi, L., 2010. Anatomy of the Ligure-Piemontese subduction system: evidence from late Cretaceous-middle Eocene convergent margin deposits in the Northern Apennines, Italy. Int. Geol. Rev. 52, 1160-1192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810903545493.

[109] Marroni, M., Meneghini, F., Pandolfi, L., 2017. A revised subduction inception model to explain the late Cretaceous, double-vergent orogen in the precollisional Western Tethys: evidence from the Northern Apennines. Tectonics 36 (10), 2227-2249. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004627.

[110] Marthaler, M., Fudral, S., Deville, E., Rampnoux, J.P., 1986. Mise en évidence du Crétacé supérieur dans la couverture septentrionale de Dora-Maira, région de Suse, Italie (Alpes Occidentales). Conséquences paléogéographyques et structurales. CR Acad. Sci. Paris 302 (2), 91-96 (in French).

[111] Masini, E., Manatschal, G., Mohn, G., 2013. The Alpine Tethys rifted margins: Reconciling old and new ideas to understand the stratigraphic architecture of magma-poor rifted margins. Sedimenology 60 (1), 174-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12017.

[112] Michard, A., Vialon, P., 1966. Permo-Trias, Permien s.1. Et Permo-Carbonifère metamorphises des Alpes Cottiennes internes: Les facies “Verrucano” et les series volcano-detritiques du Massif Dora-Maira. Atti del Symposium sul Verrucano (Pisa, Settembre 1965). Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat. 116-135 (in French).

[113] Michard, A., 1967. Etudes géologiques dans les zones internes des Alpes cottiennes. Ph.D. thesis, Université de Paris, p. 447 (in French).

[114] Michard, A., Chopin, C., Henry, C., 1993. Compression versus extension in the exhumation of the Dora-Maira coesite-bearing unit, Western Alps, Italy. Tectonophysics 221, 173-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90331-D.

[115] Michard, A., Avigad, D., Goffé B., Chopin, C., 2004. The high-pressure metamorphic front of the south Western Alps (Ubaye-Maira transect, France, Italy). Schweiz. Min. Petr. Mitt. 84 (3), 215-235.

[116] Michard, A., Schmid, S.M., Lahfid, A., Ballèvre, M., Manzotti, P., Chopin, C., Iaccarino, S., Dana, D., 2022. The Maira-Sampeyre and Val Grana allochthons (south Western Alps): review and new data on the tectonometamorphic evolution of the Briançonnais distal Margin. Swiss J. Geosci. 115 (1), 19.

[117] Mohn, G., Manatschal, G., Beltrando, M., 2012. Necking of continental crust in magma-poor rifted margins: evidence from the fossil Alpine Tethys margins. Tectonics 31 (1), TC1012. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002961.

[118] Mohn, G., Manatschal, G., Beltrando, M., Haupert, I., 2014. The role of rift-inherited hyper-extension in Alpine-type orogens. Terra Nova 26 (5), 347-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12104.

[119] Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1982. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 299 (5885), 715-717.

[120] Nosenzo, F., Manzotti, P., Poujol, M., Ballèvre, M., Langlade, J., 2022. A window into an older orogenic cycle: P-T conditions and timing of the pre-Alpine history of the Dora-Maira Massif (Western Alps). J. Metamorph. Geol. 40 (4), 789-821.

[121] Nosenzo, F., Manzotti, P., Krona, M., Ballèvre, M., Poujol, M., 2024. Tectonic architecture of the northern Dora- Maira Massif (Western Alps, Italy): field and geochronological data. Swiss J. Geosci. 117 (1), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s00015-024-00459-2.

[122] Pantet, A., Epard, J.L., Masson, H., 2020. Mimicking Alpine thrusts by passive deformation of synsedimentary normal faults: a record of the Jurassic extension of the European margin (Mont Fort nappe, Pennine Alps). Swiss J. Geosci. 113 (1), 13.

[123] Perrone, G., Eva, E., Solarino, S., Cadoppi, P., Balestro, G., Fioraso, G., Tallone, S., 2010. Seismotectonic investigations in the inner Cottian Alps (Italian Western Alps): an integrated approach. Tectonophysics 496 (1-4), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.09.009.

[124] Petti, F.M., Furrer, H., Collo, E., Martinetto, E., Bernardi, M., Delfino, M., Romano, M., Piazza, M., 2020. Archosauriform footprints in the Lower Triassic of Western Alps and their role in understanding the effects of the Permian-Triassic hyperthermal. Peer J. 8 (1), 10522.

[125] Pfiffner, O.A., 2017. Thick-skinned and thin-skinned tectonics: a global perspective. Geosciences 7 (3), 71.

[126] Platt, J.P., 1986. Dynamics of orogenic wedges and the uplift of high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 97 (9), 1037-1053. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1987.0006.

[127] Platt, J.P., Behrmann, J., Cunningham, P.C., Dewey, J., Helman, M., Parish, M., Shepley, M., Wallis, S., Western, P., 1989. Kinematics of the Alpine Arc and the motion history of Adria. Nature 337, 158-161. https://doi.org/10.1038/337158a0.

[128] Pognante, U., 1980. Preliminary data on the Piemonte ophiolite nappe in the lower Val Susa-Val Chisone area, Italian Western Alps. Ofioliti 5 (2-3), 221-240.

[129] Pognante, U., Sandrone, R., 1989. Eclogites in the Northern Dora-Maira Nappe (Western Alps, Italy). Mineral. Petrol. 40 (1), 57-71.

[130] Polino, R., Dal Piaz, G.V., Gosso, G., 1990. Tectonic erosion at the Adria margin and accretionary processes for the Cretaceous orogeny of the Alps. Soc. Geol. It. 156, 345-367.

[131] Ribes, C., Manatschal, G., Ghienne, J.F., Karner, G.D., Johnson, C.A., Figueredo, P.H., Incerpi, N., Epin, M.E., 2019. The syn-rift stratigraphic record across a fossil hyper-extended rifted margin: the example of the northwestern Adriatic margin exposed in the Central Alps. Int. J. Earth Sci. 108, 2071-2095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-019-01750-6.

[132] Rosenbaum, G., Lister, G.S., 2005. The Western Alps from the Jurassic to Oligocene: spatio-temporal constraints and evolutionary reconstructions. Earth Sci. Rev. 69 (3-4), 281-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.10.001.

[133] Rosenberg, C., Bellahsen, N., 2024. Geodynamics of the Alps 2: Pre-collisional Processes. Wiley, pp. 1-365. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394299539.

[134] Rubatto, D., Hermann, J., 2001. Exhumation as fast as subduction? Geology 29 (1), 3-6.

[135] Rubatto, D., Ferrando, S., Compagnoni, R., Lombardo, B., 2010. Carboniferous high-pressure metamorphism of Ordovician protoliths in the Argentera Massif (Italy), Southern European Variscan Belt. Lithos 116 (1-2), 65-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.12.013.

[136] Rubatto, D., 2017. Zircon: the metamorphic mineral. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 83 (1), 261-296. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2017.83.9.

[137] Santi, G., Lualdi, A., Decarlis, A., Nicosia, U., Ronchi, A., 2015. Chirotheriid footprints from the Lower-Middle Triassic of the Briançonnais Domain (Pelite di Case Valmarenca, Western Liguria, NW Italy). Boll. Soc. Paleont. It. 54 (2), 82.

[138] Sandrone, R., Cadoppi, P., Sacchi, R., Vialon, P., 1993. The Dora-Maira massif. In: Von Raumer J.F., Neubauer F. (Eds.),Pre-Mesozoic Geology in the Alps. Springer, pp. 317-325.

[139] Schettino, A., Turco, E., 2011. Tectonic history of the western Tethys since the late Triassic. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 123 (1-2), 89-105. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30064.1.

[140] Schmid, S.M., Fugenschu, H.B., Klissing, E., Schuster, R., 2004. Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen. Ecl. Geol. Helv. 97 (1), 93-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-004-1113-x.

[141] Schmid, S.M., Kissling, E., Diehl, T., Van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Molli, G., 2017. Ivrea mantle wedge, arc of the Western Alps, and kinematic evolution of the Alps-Apennines orogenic system. Swiss J. Geosci. 110 (2), 581-612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-016-0237-0.

[142] Siegesmund, S., Oriolo, S., Schulz, B., Heinrichs, T., Basei, M.A.S., Lammerer, B., 2021. The birth of the Alps: Ediacaran to Paleozoic accretionary processes and crustal growth along the northern Gondwana margin. Int. J. Earth Sci. 110 (4), 1321-1348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-02019-7.

[143] Syahputra, R., Žák, J., Tomek, F., Kachlík, V., 2023. Hot plutonism in a cold accretionary wedge: what terminated the Cadomian orogeny at the northern periphery of Gondwana? Precambrian Res. 390, 107041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2023.107041.

[144] Spalla, M.I., Zanoni, D., Marotta, A.M., Rebay, G., Roda, M., Zucali, M., Gosso, G., 2014. The transition from Variscan collision to continental break-up in the Alps: Insights from the comparison between natural data and numerical model predictions. Geol. Soc. Sp. Publ. 405, 363-400.

[145] Stampfli, G.M., von Raumer, J.F., Borel, G.D., 2002. The Palaeozoic evolution of pre-Variscan terranes:from Gondwana to the Variscan collision. In: Martinez-Catalan J.R., Hatcher R.D., Arenas R., Diaz Garcia F. (Eds.), Variscan-Appalachian Dynamics: The Building of the Late Palaeozoic Basement. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 364, 263-280.

[146] Tallone, S., 1988. Osservazioni litostratigrafiche e strutturali nella copertura del Massiccio Dora-Maira lungo il fianco sinistro della Valle di Susa. Rend. Soc. Geol. It. 11, 171-174 (in Italian).

[147] Tallone, S., 1990. Il Dora-Maira settentrionale e le sue coperture mesozoiche: relazioni tra litostratigrafia, struttura ed evoluzione metamorfica. Ph.D. thesis, University of Torino, p. 147 (in Italian).

[148] Tamang, S., Groppo, C., Girault, F., Perrier, F., Rolfo, F., 2024. Metamorphism of dolomitic and magnesitic rocks in collisional orogens and implications for orogenic CO₂ degassing. J. Petrology 65 (4), 271-297.

[149] Tavani, S., Granado, P., Corradetti, A., Camanni, G., Vignaroli, G., Manatschal, G., Mazzoli, S., Munoz, J.A., Parente, M., 2021. Rift inheritance controls the switch from thin- to thick-skinned thrusting and basal décollement re-localization at the subduction-to-collision transition. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 133 (9-10), 2157-2170. https://doi.org/10.1130/B35800.1.

[150] Thiéblemont, D., Jacob, J., Lach, P., Guerrot, C., Leguérinel, M., 2023. First report of an Ediacarian basement in the Western Alps: the Serre Chevalier crystalline unit ( Briançonnais domain, France). BSGF - Earth Sci. Bull. 194 (1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2023011.

[151] Tilton, G.R., Schreyer, W., Schertl, H.P., 1989. Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic behaviour of deeply subducted crustal rocks from the Dora Maira massif, Western Alps Italy. Geoch. Cosmochimica Acta 53 (6), 1391-1400.

[152] Tricart, P., Bourbon, M., Chenet, P., Cros, P., Delorme, M., Dumont, T., Graciansky, P., Lemoine, M., Megard-Galli, J., Richez, M., 1988. Tectonique synsedimentaire triassico-jurassique et rifting tethysien dans la nappe brianconnaise de Peyre-Haute (Alpes occidentales). Bull. Soc. Géol. France IV 4, 669-680. https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.IV.4.669 (in French with English abstract).

[153] Vanossi, M., 1969. La serie Brianzonese del Salto del Lupo (Liguria Occidentale): osservazione sedimentologico-stratigrafiche. Atti Ist. Geol. Univ. Pavia 20, 3-16 (in Italian).

[154] Vanossi, M., 1974. Analisi stratigrafica-strutturale della zona tra le alte valli del Casotto e dell’Ellero (Alpi Marittime). Atti Ist. Geol. Univ. Pavia 14, 38-72 (in Italian).

[155] Vermeesch, P., 2018. IsoplotR: a free and open toolbox for geochronology. Geosci. Front. 9 (5), 1479-1493.

[156] Vermeesch, P., 2021. Corrigendum to “IsoplotR: a free and open toolbox for geochronology”. Geosci. Front. 12 (5), 101227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101227.

[157] Vialon, P., 1966. Étude géologique du massif cristallin Dora-Maira, Alpes cottiennes internes, Italie. Travaux Du Laboratoire De Géologie De Grenoble, Mémoires 4, 1-282 (in French).

[158] Von Raumer, J.F., Bussy, F., Schaltegger, U., Schulz, B., Stampfli, G.M., 2013. Pre-Mesozoic Alpine basements: their place in the European Paleozoic framework. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 125 (1-2), 89-108.

[159] Yang, G., 2022. Subduction initiation triggered by collision: a review based on examples and models. Earth Sci. Rev. 232, 104-129.

[160] Žák, J., Svojtka, M., Nance, R., Murphy, J., 2025. Detrital zircon record of shutdown and migration of Cadomian volcanic arcs in the Bohemian Massif, with implications for Ediacaran to early Cambrian plate kinematics. Precambrian Res. 422, 107786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2025.107786.

[161] Zhou, K., Chen, Y.X., Xiong, J.W., Schertl, H.P., Xia, Z.P., 2023. Fluid effect on zircon O and U-Pb isotopes during ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism: Insights from the Dora-Maira Massif of the Western Alps. Geosci. Front. 14 (5), 101651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101651.