Collision-related tin metallogeny: Insight from a new discovery of the volcanic-subvolcanic-hosted Sn deposit in the western Gangdese, Xizang

Abstract

The Gangdese metallogenic belt in Xizang, a world-class copper polymetallic province, has a poorly understood western segment due to extensive volcanic cover and limited historical exploration. The recent discovery of the Sangmoladong (SMLD) deposit, the first undocumented volcanic-subvolcanic-hosted, tin-dominant polymetallic system in western Gangdese, provides a unique opportunity to investigate collisional metallogeny. Through integrated LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology of zircon and cassiterite, comprehensive whole-rock geochemistry, and Nd-Hf isotopes, this research establishes a genetic link between Paleocene magmatism and Sn-polymetallic mineralization. The mineralization is hosted within granite porphyry stocks and associated rhyolitic tuff breccias of a volcanic dome complex. It comprises two main stages: an early, disseminated cassiterite-sulphide stage with chloritic alteration, followed by later fluorite-cassiterite-tourmaline veins and veinlets. New LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating constrains the timing of granite porphyry emplacement to 61.3 ± 0.2 Ma and rhyolitic tuff deposition to 61.8 ± 0.5 Ma. Cassiterite mineralization occurred between 61.0 ± 2.2 Ma and 59.3 ± 3.5 Ma, confirming that Sn metallogenesis was coeval with this Paleocene magmatic pulse during the Indo-Asian collision. The ore-forming granitic porphyries are highly evolved, A-type granites, characterized by high SiO₂ (77.50 - 80.40 wt.%), elevated zircon saturation temperatures (831 - 870 °C), and high Ga/Al ratios (10,000 × Ga/Al = 5.75 - 6.51). Their Nd-Hf isotopic signatures (ε_Nd(t) = −6.5 to −6.3; zircon ε_Hf(t) = −5.2 to +2.1) indicate an origin from anatexis of ancient Lhasa terrane metapelites, likely triggered by lithospheric extension during Neo-Tethyan slab rollback. This generated a reduced, fluorine- and boron-rich magmatic-hydrothermal system highly efficient at mobilizing and concentrating tin. On a regional scale, a metallogenic framework is proposed where Fe-Cu mineralization is sourced from hybridized mantle-crust magmas, whereas Pb-Zn and Sn systems derive from similar crustal-dominated sources. This metallogenic divergence of Pb-Zn and Sn reflects contrasting thermal regimes and magma crystallization pathways during a transtensional setting with local extension in pull-apart and uplift structures. The formation of the SMLD tin deposit is attributed to prolonged fractional crystallization of a high-temperature, low fO₂ magma within a subvolcanic dome complex. These conditions suppressed early cassiterite saturation and promoted extreme tin enrichment in the residual melt. This study makes two key contributions: (1) it identifies the first volcanic-hosted tin system in the western Gangdese, challenging traditional exploration models focused on porphyry skarn Cu-Pb-Zn deposits; and (2) it establishes a new tectono-metallogenic model that elucidates the spatiotemporal evolution of Paleocene mineralization (Fe-Cu → Pb-Zn → Sn) during orogenesis. These findings provide crucial insights into metallogeny in continental collision zones and pave the way for new exploration targets for tin resources throughout the central-western Tethyan metallogenic domain, especially in underexplored volcanic terrains with analogous geodynamic histories.

Keywords

Volcanic-Subvolcanic magma / Cassiterite / Tin-polymetallic mineralization / Slab rollback / Tectono-metallogenic model / Gangdese

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Hao Chen: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation. Xin Chen: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Software, Methodology, Data curation, Conceptualization. Youye Zheng: Writing - review & editing. Xian Che: Writing - review & editing, Software. Yuanping Lai: Writing - review & editing, Methodology. Xingkai Huang: Writing - review & editing, Software. Shunbao Gao: Writing - review & editing, Investigation, Funding acquisition. Bei Pang: Writing - review & editing, Software.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

We extend our sincere appreciation to Associate Editor Prof. Qingfei Wang for his thorough review and valuable enhancements. We are especially indebted to the five anonymous reviewers for their expert evaluations, which greatly strengthened our manuscript. We also acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20572), Special Fund of Deep Earth Probe and Mineral Resources Exploration- National Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2025ZD1005904), the National Key R&D Program of Xizang (XZ202401ZY0026), and the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (BX20220277, 2022 M722938).

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102216.

References

[1] Albarede, F., 1976. Some trace element relationships among liquid and solid phases in the course of the fractional crystallization of magmas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 40 (6), 667-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90112-5.

[2] Allègre, C.J., Treuil, M., Minster, J.F., Minster, B., Albarède, F., 1977. Systematic use of trace element in igneous process: Part I: Fractional crystallization processes in volcanic suites. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 60, 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00372851.

[3] Arce-Burgoa, O.R., Goldfarb, R.J., 2009. Metallogeny of Bolivia. SEG Newsletter 79, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.5382/SEGnews.2009-79.fea.

[4] Bonin, B., 2007. A-type granites and related rocks: evolution of a concept, problems and prospects. Lithos 97 (1-2), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.12.007.

[5] Bouvier, A., Vervoort, J.D., Patchett, P.J., 2008. The Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotopic compostion of CHUR: constraints from unequilibrrated chondrites and implications for the bulk composition of terrestrial planets. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 237, 48-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.010.

[6] Cao, H.W., Zhang, Y.H., Pei, Q.M., Zhang, R.Q., Tang, L., Lin, B., Cai, G.J., 2017. U-Pb dating of zircon and cassiterite from the Early Cretaceous Jiaojiguan iron-tin polymetallic deposit, implications for magmatism and metallogeny of the Tengchong area, western Yunnan, China. Int. Geol. Rev. 59 (2), 234-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2016.1220842.

[7] Calvo, G., Valero, A., Valero, A., 2019. How can strategic metals drive the economy? Tungsten and tin production in Spain during periods of war. Extr. Ind. Soc. 6 (1), 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2018.07.008.

[8] Carvalho, B.B., Bartoli, O., Cesare, B., Satish-Kumar, M., Petrelli, M., Kawakami, T., Hokada, T., Gilio, M., 2023. Revealing the link between A-type granites and hottest melts from residual metasedimentary crust. Geology 51 (9), 845-849. https://doi.org/10.1130/G51097.1.

[9] Černý´ P., Blevin, P.L., Cuney, M., London, D., 2005. Granite-related ore deposits. In: Hedenquist J.W., Thompson J.F.H., Goldfarb R.J., Richards J.P. (Eds.),One Hundredth Anniversary Volume. Society of Economic Geologists, pp. 337-370. https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.12.

[10] Chappell, B.W., Stephens, W.E., 1988. Origin of infracrustal (I-type) granite magmas. Earth Environ. Sci. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 79 (2-3), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300014139.

[11] Chappell, B.W., 1999. Aluminium saturation in I- and S-type granites and the characterization of fractionated haplogranites. Lithos 46 (3), 535-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00086-3.

[12] Christiansen, E.H., Keith, J.D., 1996. Trace element systematics in silicic magmas:a metallogenic perspective. In: Wyman D.A., (Ed.). Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada 12, 115-151.

[13] Chung, S.L., Chu, M.F., Zhang, Y.Q., Xie, Y.W., Lo, C.H., Lee, T.Y., Ching, Y.L., Li, X.H., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., 2005. Tibetan tectonic evolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism. Earth-Sci. Rev. 68 (3-4), 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.05.001.

[14] Chen, X., Zheng, Y.Y., Gao, S.B., Wu, S., Jiang, X.J., Jiang, J.S., Cai, P.J., Lin, C.G., 2020. Ages and petrogenesis of the late Triassic andesitic rocks at the Luerma porphyry Cu deposit, western Gangdese, and implications for regional metallogeny. Gondwana Res. 85, 103-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.04.006.

[15] Chen, H., Zheng, Y.Y., Yu, Z.Z., Lin, Y.B., Yi, J.Z., Jiang, Z.Y., Tian, M.H., Pang, B., 2021. Petrogenesis and prospecting significance of ore-bearing rocks in Dajiacuo silver polymetallic deposit, Tibet. Earth Sci. 47 (6), 2199-2218 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[16] Chen, H., Chen, X., Zheng, Y.Y., Jiang, X.J., Yang, Y.Z., Gao, S.B., 2024. Key factors controlling Neoproterozoic tin metallogenic events in southwestern China: Precambrian Res. 409, 107449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2024.107449.

[17] Collins, W.J., Beams, S.D., White, A.J.R., Chappell, B.W., 1982. Nature and origin of a type granites with particular reference to southeastern Australia. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 80, 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00374895.

[18] Condie, K.C., 1993. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chem. Geol. 104 (1-4), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90140-E.

[19] Desanois, L., Lüders, V., Niedermann, S., Trumbull, R.B., 2019. Formation of epithermal Sn-Ag-(Zn) vein-type mineralization at the Pirquitas deposit, NW Argentina: Fluid inclusion and noble gas isotopic constraints. Chem. Geol. 508, 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.04.024.

[20] Deng, J., Wang, Q., Sun, X., Yang, L., Groves, D.I., Shu, Q., Gao, L., Yang, L., Qiu, K., Wang, C., Dong, C., 2022. Tibetan ore deposits: a conjunction of accretionary orogeny and continental collision. Earth-Sci. Rev. 235, 104245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104245.

[21] Ding, L., Maksatbek, S., Cai, F.L., Wang, H.Q., Song, P.P., Ji, W.Q., Xu, Q., Zhang, L.Y., Muhammad, Q., Upendra, B., 2017a. Processes of initial collision and suturing between India and Asia. Sci. China Earth Sci. 60 (4), 635-651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5244-x.

[22] Ding, S., 2017b. The diagenesis and metallogenesis of Sinongduo epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in Gangdese belt, Tibet. Ph.D. thesis, Chengdu University of Technology, pp. 74-81 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[23] Dou, X., Lin, Y., Jiang, Z., Yu, Z., Yi, J., Huang, L., Zheng, Y., 2021. Linking a fractionated magmatic system to skarn W-Mo mineralization in the Hahaigang deposit, Tibet: Implications for regional tungsten metallogeny and exploration. Ore Geol. Rev. 139, 104558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104558.

[24] Duan, Z.M., Li, G.M., Li, Y.X., Wang, B.D., Zhang, H., Huang, G.Y., Guo, L., Duan, Y.Y., 2014. Geochronology and geochemical characteristics of ore-bearing porphyry in Longgen lead-zinc deposit of middle-Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet. Miner. Depos. 33, 625-638 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[25] Duan, Z.M., Li, G.M., Wang, B.D., Li, Y.X., Huang, Y., Guo, L., Duan, Y.Y., 2015. Geochronology and its geological significance of the ore-bearing porphyry in Chagele lead-zinc deposit in middle-Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet. J. Jilin Univ. ( Earth Sci.) 45, 1667-1690 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[26] Eugster, H.P., 1985. Granites and hydrothermal ore deposits: a geochemical framework. Mineral. Mag. 49 (350), 7-23. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1985.049.350.02.

[27] Eby, G.N., 1990. The A-type granitoids: a review of their occurrence and chemical characteristics and speculations on their petrogenesis. Lithos 26 (1-2), 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(90)90043-Z.

[28] Eby, G.N., 1992. Chemical subdivision of the A-type granitoids: petrogenetic and tectonic implications. Geology 20 (7), 641-644.

[29] Frost, C.D., Frost, B.R., 1997. Reduced rapakivi-type granites: the tholeiite connection. Geology 25 (7), 647-650. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)0252.3.CO;2.

[30] Frost, B.R., Barnes, C.G., Collins, W.J., Arculus, R.J., Ellis, D.J., Frost, C.D., 2001. A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. J. Petrol. 42, 2033-2048. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.11.2033.

[31] Frost, C.D., Frost, B.R., 2011. On ferroan (A-type) granitoids: their compositional variability and modes of origin. J. Petrol. 52 (1), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq070.

[32] Frost, C.D., Frost, B.R., Beard, J.S., 2016. On silica-rich granitoids and their eruptive equivalents. Am. Mineral. 101 (6), 1268-1284. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5307.

[33] Fu, Q., Yang, Z.S., Zheng, Y.C., Huang, K.X., Li, Q.Y., Li, W., Liang, W., Sun, Q.Z., Zhang, S., 2013. Zircon U-Pb ages, Hf isotope and geochemistry of granodiorite in Jialapu Fe deposit, Tibet. Miner. Depos. 32, 564-578 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[34] Gao, P., Zheng, Y.F., Zhao, Z.F., 2016. Experimental melts from crustal rocks: a lithochemical constraint on granite petrogenesis. Lithos 266-267, 133-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.10.005.

[35] Gao, S.B., Chen, X., Cheng, S.S., Zhang, Y.C., Zheng, Y.Y., Jiang, J.S., Wu, S., Jiang, X.J., 2020. Syn-collisional magmatism at the Longgen Pb-Zn deposit, western Nyainqentanglha belt, Tibet: Petrogenesis and implications for regional polymetallic metallogeny. Ore Geol. Rev. 126, 103730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103730.

[36] Gao, S.B., Chen, X., Zhang, Y.C., Zheng, Y.Y., Long, T., Wu, S., Jiang, X.J., 2021. Timing and genetic link of porphyry Mo and skarn Pb-Zn mineralization in the Chagele deposit, Western Nyainqentanglha belt, Tibet. Ore Geol. Rev. 129, 103929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103929.

[37] Gao, S.B., Chen, X., Zheng, Y.Y., Chao, N., Zheng, S.L., Lin, H., Jiang, X.J., Wu, S., 2022. Discrepant chemical differentiation and magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of high-silica magmatism associated with Pb-Zn and W mineralization in the Lhasa terrane. Geosci. Front. 13 (5), 101411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2022.101411.

[38] Gao, Y.M., Chen, Y.C., Tang, J.X., Li, C., Li, X.F., Gao, M., Cai, Z.C., 2011. Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the Yaguila porphyry molybdenum deposit in Gongbo’gyamda area, Tibet, and its geological significance. Geol. Bull. China 30 (7), 1027-1036 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[39] Gonevchuk, V.G., Gonevchuk, G.A., Korostelev, P.G., Semenyak, B.I., Seltmann, R., 2010. Tin deposits of the Sikhote-Alin and adjacent areas (Russian Far East) and their magmatic association. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 57 (6), 777-802. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2010.503993.

[40] Griffin, W.L., Pearson, N.J., Belousova, E.A., Jackson, S.E., Van Achterbergh, E., O’Reilly, S.Y., Shee, S.R., 2000. The Hf isotope composition of cratonic mantle: LAM-MC-ICPMS analysis of zircon megacrysts in kimberlites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 (1), 133-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00343-9.

[41] Günther, D.A., Heinrich, C., 1999. Enhanced sensitivity in laser ablation-ICP mass spectrometry using helium-argon mixtures as aerosol carrier. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 14 (9), 1363-1368. https://doi.org/10.1039/a901648a.

[42] Guo, L., Zhang, H.F., Harris, N., Parrish, R., Xu, W.C., Shi, Z.L., 2012. Paleogene crustal anatexis and metamorphism in Lhasa terrane, eastern Himalayan syntaxis: evidence from U-Pb zircon ages and Hf isotopic compositions of the Nyingchi complex. Gondwana Res. 21 (1), 100-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2011.03.002.

[43] Halley, S.W., Walshe, J.L., 1995. A reexamination of the Mount Bischoff cassiterite sulphide skarn, western Tasmania. Econ. Geol. 90 (6), 1676-1693.

[44] Hart, C.J.R., Goldfarb, R.J., Lewis, L.L., Mair, J.L., 2004. The northern Cordilleran Mid-Cretaceous plutonic province: Ilmenite/magnetite-series granitoids and intrusion-related mineralisation. Resour. Geol. 54 (3), 253-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2004.tb00206.x.

[45] Harris, N.B., Pearce, J.A., Tindle, A.G., 1986. Geochemical characteristics of collision-zone magmatism. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 19 (1), 67-81. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.019.01.04.

[46] Hoskin, P.W.O., Schaltegger, U., 2003. The composition of zircon and igneous and metamorphic petrogenesis. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 53 (1), 27-62. https://doi.org/10.2113/0530027.

[47] Hou, Z.Q., Gao, Y.F., Qu, X.M., Rui, Z.Y., Mo, X.X., 2004. Origin of adakitic intrusives generated during mid-Miocene east-west extension in southern Tibet. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 220 (1-2), 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00007-X.

[48] Hou, Z.Q., Yang, Z.S., Xu, W.Y., Mo, X.X., Ding, L., Gao, Y.F., Dong, F.L., Li, G.M., Qu, X.M., Zhao, Z.D., Jiang, S.H., Meng, X.J., Li, Z.Q., Qin, K.Z., Yang, Z.M., 2006. Metallogenesis in Tibetan collisional orogenic belt: I. Mineralization in main collisional orogenic setting. Miner. Depos. 25, 337-358 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[49] Hou, Z.Q., Cook, N.J., 2009. Metallogenesis of the Tibetan collisional orogen: a review and introduction to the special issue. Ore Geol. Rev. 36 (1-3), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2009.05.001.

[50] Hou, Z.Q., Duan, L.F., Lu, Y.J., Zheng, Y.C., Zhu, D.C., Yang, Z.M., Yang, Z.S., Wang, B.D., Pei, Y.R., Zhao, Z.D., McCuaig, T.C., 2015. Lithospheric architecture of the Lhasa terrane and its control on ore deposits in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Econ. Geol. 110 (6), 1541-1575. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.6.1541.

[51] Hou, Z.Q., Zhang, H.R., 2015. Geodynamics and metallogeny of the eastern Tethyan metallogenic domain. Ore Geol. Rev. 70, 346-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.026.

[52] Hopkinson, T.N., Harris, N.B.W., Warren, C.J., Spencer, C.J., Roberts, N.M.W., Horstwood, M.S.A., Eimf Parrish, R.R., 2017. The identification and significance of pure sediment-derived granites. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 467, 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.03.018.

[53] Huang, H.Q., Li, X.H., Li, W.X., Li, Z.X., 2011. Formation of high δ¹⁸O fayalite-bearing A-type granite by high-temperature melting of granulitic metasedimentary rocks, southern China. Geology 39, 903-906. https://doi.org/10.1130/G32080.1.

[54] Hu, Z.C., Zhang, W., Liu, Y.S., Gao, S., Li, M., Zong, K.Q., Chen, H.H., Hu, S.H., 2015a. “Wave” signal-smoothing and mercury-removing device for laser ablation quadrupole and multiple collector ICPMS analysis: Application to lead isotope analysis. Anal. Chem. 87, 1152-1157. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac503749k.

[55] Hu, X.M., Garzanti, E., Moore, T., Raffi, I., 2015b. Direct stratigraphic dating of India-Asia collision onset at the Selandian (middle Paleocene, 59 ± 1 Ma). Geology 43, 859-862. https://doi.org/10.1130/G36872.1.

[56] Hu, X.M., Garzanti, E., Wang, J.G., Huang, W.T., An, W., Webb, A., 2016. The timing of India-Asia collision onset-facts, theories, controversies. Earth-Sci. Rev. 160, 264-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.07.014.

[57] Inoue, A., 1995. Formation of clay minerals in hydrothermal environments. In: Velde B. (Ed.), Origin and Mineralogy of Clays. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 268-329.

[58] Ishihara, S., 1977. The magnetite-series and ilmenite-series granitic rocks. Min. Geol. 27 (145), 293-305. https://doi.org/10.11456/shigenchishitsu1951.27.293.

[59] Ishihara, S., Murakami, H., 2006. Fractionated ilmenite-series granites in southwest Japan: source magma for REE-Sn-W mineralizations. Resour. Geol. 56 (3), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2006.tb00282.x.

[60] Ji, X.H., 2013. Study on geology, geochemistry and genesis of Narusongduo lead-zinc deposit, Tibet. M.S. thesis, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), pp. 91-93 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[61] Jiang, J.S., 2018. Genesis of polymetallic deposits and prospecting potential in the Linzizong area, western Gangdese Belt, Tibet. Ph.D. thesis, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), pp. 91-93 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[62] Jiang, X.J., Zheng, Y.Y., Gao, S.B., Yan, J., Kang, Y.M., Jiang, G.W., Liu, J.B., Zhang, Z.L., Chen, X., 2021. In-situ U-Pb geochronology of Ti-bearing andradite as a practical tool for linking skarn alteration and Pb-Zn mineralization: a case study of the Mengya’a deposit, Tibet. Ore Geol. Rev. 139, 104565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104565.

[63] Jiang, S.Y., Zhao, K.D., Jiang, H., 2020, Spatiotemporal distribution, geological characteristics and metallogenic mechanism of tungsten and tin deposits in China: An overview. Chin. Sci Bull. 65, 3730-3745 doi: 10.1360/TB-2020-0221. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[64] Jiang, S.Y., Wang, W., Su, H., 2023. Super-enrichment mechanisms of strategic critical metal deposits: current understanding and future perspectives. J. Earth Sci. 34 (4), 1295-1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-023-2001-5.

[65] Kapp, P., DeCelles, P.G., Gehrels, G.E., Heizler, M., Ding, L., 2007. Geological records of the Lhasa-Qiangtang and Indo-Asian collisions in the Nima area of central Tibet. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 119, 917-932. https://doi.org/10.1130/B26033.1.

[66] Kelly, W.C., Turneaure, F.S., 1970. Mineralogy, paragenesis and geothermometry of the tin and tungsten deposits of the eastern Andes, Bolivia. Econ. Geol. 65 (6), 609-680. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.65.6.609.

[67] Kemp, A.I.S., Wormald, R.J., Whitehouse, M.J., Price, R.C., 2005. Hf isotopes in zircon reveal contrasting sources and crystallization histories for alkaline to peralkaline granites of Temora, southeastern Australia. Geology 33 (10), 797-800. https://doi.org/10.1130/G21706.1.

[68] Keppler, H., Audétat, A., 2025. The redox dependence of the fluid/melt partitioning of tin. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 394, 182-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2025.02.007.

[69] King, P.L., White, A.J.R., Chappell, B.W., Allen, C.M., 1997. Characterization and origin of aluminous A-type granites from the Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia. J. Petrol. 38 (3), 371-391. https://doi.org/10.1093/petroj/38.3.371.

[70] Lee, C.T.A., Morton, D.M., 2015. High silica granites: Terminal porosity and crystal settling in shallow magma chambers. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 409, 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.040.

[71] Lehmann, B., 1982. Metallogeny of tin; magmatic differentiation versus geochemical heritage. Econ. Geol. 77, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.77.1.50.

[72] Lehmann, B., 2021. Formation of tin ore deposits: a reassessment. Lithos 402, 105756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105756.

[73] Li, C.F., Li, X.H., Li, Q.L., Guo, J.H., Li, X.H., Yang, Y.H., 2012. Rapid and precise determination of Sr and Nd isotopic ratios in geological samples from the same filament loading by thermal ionization mass spectrometry employing a single-step separation scheme. Anal. Chim. Acta. 727 (10), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.040.

[74] Li, Z.Z., Qin, K.Z., Zhao, J.X., Li, G.M., Su, S.Q., 2019a. Basic characteristics, research progresses and prospects of Sn-Ag-base metal metallogenic system. Acta Petrol. Sin. 35(7), 1979-1998 https://doi.org/10.18654/1000-0569/2019.07. 03.in Chinese with English abstract).

[75] Li, H.F., Tang, J.X., Hu, G.Y., Ding, S., Li, Z., Xie, F.W., Teng, L., Cui, S.Y., 2019b. Fluid inclusions, isotopic characteristics and geochronology of the Sinongduo epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, Tibet, China. Ore Geol. Rev. 107, 692-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.02.033.

[76] Li, W.K., Chen, Y.Q., Yang, Z.M., 2019c. Geo- fO₂: Integrated software for analysis of magmatic oxygen fugacity. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 20 (5), 2542-2555. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008273.

[77] Li, Q., Sun, X., Lu, Y.J., Wang, F.Y., Hao, J.H., 2021. Apatite and zircon compositions for Miocene mineralizing and barren intrusions in the Gangdese porphyry copper belt of southern Tibet: Implication for ore control. Ore Geol. Rev. 139, 104474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104474.

[78] Linnen, R.L., Pichavant, M., Holtz, F., 1996. The combined effects of fO₂ and melt composition on SnO₂ solubility and tin diffusivity in haplogranitic melts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 4965-4976. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00295-5.

[79] Linnen, R.L., 1998. Depth of emplacement, fluid provenance and metallogeny in granitic terrains: a comparison of western Thailand with other Sn-W belts. Miner. Deposita 33, 461-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050163.

[80] Litvinovsky, B.A., Jahn, B.M., Zanvilevich, A.N., Saunders, A., Poulain, S., Kuzmin, D.V., Titov, A.V., 2002. Petrogenesis of syenite-granite suites from the Bryansky complex (Transbaikalia, Russia): implications for the origin of A-type granitoid magmas. Chem. Geol. 189 (1-2), 105-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00142-0.

[81] Liu, Y.S., Hu, Z.C., Gao, S., Günther, D., Xu, J., Gao, C.G., Chen, H.H., 2008. In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard. Chem. Geol. 257 (1-2), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.08.004.

[82] Liu, Y.S., Hu, Z.C., Zong, K.Q., Gao, C.G., Gao, S., Xu, J., Chen, H.H., 2010a. Reappraisement and refinement of zircon U-Pb isotope and trace element analyses by LA-ICP-MS. Chin. Sci. Bull. 55 (15), 1535-1546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-3052-4.

[83] Liu, Y.S., Gao, S., Hu, Z.C., Gao, C.G., Zong, K.Q., Wang, D.B., 2010b. Continental and oceanic crust recycling-induced melt-peridotite interactions in the Trans-North China Orogen: U-Pb dating, Hf isotopes and trace elements in zircons of mantle xenoliths. J. Petrol. 51 (1-2), 537-571. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp082.

[84] Liu, D., Zhao, Z., Zhu, D.-C., Niu, Y., DePaolo, D.J., Harrison, T.M., Mo, X., Dong, G., Zhou, S., Sun, C., Zhang, Z., Liu, J., 2014. Postcollisional potassic and ultrapotassic rocks in southern Tibet: Mantle and crustal origins in response to India-Asia collision and convergence. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 143, 207-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.03.031.

[85] Liu, S.F., Zhang, B., Ma, P., Williams, S., Lin, C., Wan, N., Ran, C., Gurnis, M., 2024. Craton deformation from flat-slab subduction and rollback. Nat. Geosci. 17, 936-943. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01513-2.

[86] Luo, T., Hu, Z.C., Zhang, W., Günther, D., Liu, Y.S., Zong, K.Q., Hu, S.H., 2018a. Reassessment of the influence of carrier gases He and Ar on signal intensities in 193 nm excimer LA-ICP-MS analysis. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 33 (10), 1655-1663. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8JA00163D.

[87] Luo, T., Hu, Z.C., Zhang, W., Liu, Y.S., Zong, K.Q., Zhou, L., Zhang, J.F., Hu, S.H., 2018b. Water vapor-assisted “Universal” nonmatrix-matched analytical method for the in situ U-Pb dating of zircon, monazite, titanite, and xenotime by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 90 (15), 9016-9024. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01231.

[88] Maitre, R., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin, B., Bas, M.L., Bonin, B., Bateman, P., 2002. Igneous Rocks:A Classification and Glossary of Terms. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 34-36.

[89] Manning, D.A.C., 1986. Contrasting styles of Sn-W mineralization in peninsular Thailand and SE England. Miner. Deposita 21, 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00204360.

[90] Maniar, P.D., Piccoli, P.M., 1989. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 101 (5), 635-643. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)1012.3.CO;2.

[91] Mao, J.W., Xie, G.O., Yuan, S.D., Liu, P., Meng, X.Y., Zhou, Z.H., Zheng, W., 2018. Current research progress and future trends of porphyry-skarn copper and granite-related tin polymetallic deposits in the Circum-Pacific metallogenic belts. Acta Petrol Sin. 34 (9), 2501-2517.

[92] Mao, J.W., Ouyang, H.G., Song, S.W., Santosh, M., Yuan, S.D., Zhou, Z.H., Zheng, W., Liu, H., Liu, P., Cheng, Y.B., Chen, M.H., 2019. Geology and metallogeny of tungsten and tin deposits in China. SEG Spec. Publ. 22, 411-482. https://doi.org/10.5382/SP.22.10.

[93] Mao, W., Zhong, H., Yang, J.H., Liu, L., Fu, Y.Z., Zhang, X.C., Tang, Y.W., Li, J., Zhang, L., Sein, K., Aung, S.M., Paw, S.M.T.L., Doh, S.H., 2022. Geochronology of Sn mineralization in Myanmar: metallogenic implications. Econ. Geol. 117 (6), 1387-1403. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4927.

[94] Mao, J.W., Song, S.W., Liu, P., Liu, M., Zhao, P.L., Yuan, S.D., 2023. Current progress and development trend of the research on tin deposits. Acta Petrol. Sin. 39(5), 1233-1240 doi: 10.18654/1000-0569/2023.05.01. (in Chinese with English abstract).

[95] Metcalfe, I., 2010. Tectonic framework and Phanerozoic evolution of Sundaland. Gondwana Res. 19 (1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2010.02.016.

[96] Mei, W., Lü X.B., Cao, X.F., Liu, Z., Zhao, Y., Ai, Z.L., Tang, R.K., Abfaua, M.M., 2015. Ore genesis and hydrothermal evolution of the Huanggang skarn iron-tin polymetallic deposit, southern Great Xing’an Range: evidence from fluid inclusions and isotope analyses. Ore Geol. Rev. 64, 239-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.07.015.

[97] Middlemost, E.A., 1994. Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system. Earth-Sci. Rev. 37 (3-4), 215-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(94)90029-9.

[98] Mlynarczyk, M.S.J., Williams-Jones, A.E., 2006. Zoned tourmaline associated with cassiterite: implications for fluid evolution and tin mineralization in the San Rafael Sn-Cu deposit, southeastern Peru. Can. Mineral. 44 (2), 347-365. https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.44.2.347.

[99] Mo, X.X., Niu, Y.L., Dong, G.C., Zhao, Z.D., Hou, Z.Q., Zhou, S., Ke, S., 2008. Contribution of syncollisional felsic magmatism to continental crust growth: a case study of the Paleogene Linzizong volcanic succession in southern Tibet. Chem. Geol. 250, 49-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.02.003.

[100] Nokleberg, W.J., Bundtzen, T.K., Eremin, R.A., Ratkin, V.V., Dawson, K.M., Shpikerman, V.I., Goryachev, N.A., Byalobzhesky, S.G., Frolov, Y.F., Khanchuk, A.I., Koch, R.D., Monger, J.W.H., Pozdeev, A.I., Rozenblum, I.S., Rodionov, S.M., Parfenov, L.M., Scotese, C.R., Sidorov, A.A., 2005. Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska and the Canadian Cordillera. GUSS Professional Paper. U.S. Geological Survey, 1697.

[101] Neymark, L.A., Holm-Denoma, C.S., Moscati, R.J., 2018. In situ LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating of cassiterite without a known-age matrix-matched reference material: examples from worldwide tin deposits spanning the Proterozoic to the Tertiary. Chem. Geol. 483, 410-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.03.008.

[102] Ouyang, H., Mao, J., Zhou, Z., Su, H., 2015. Late Mesozoic metallogeny and intracontinental magmatism, southern Great Xing’an Range, northeastern China. Gondwana Res. 27 (3), 1153-1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.08.010.

[103] Pan, G.T., Mo, X.X., Hou, Z.Q., Zhu, D.C., Wang, L.Q., Li, G.M., Zhao, Z.D., Geng, Q.R., Liao, Z.L., 2006. Spatial-temporal framework of the Gangdese Orogenic Belt and its evolution. Acta Petrol. Sin. 22, 521-533 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[104] Pavlova, G.G., Palessky, S.V., Borisenko, A.S., Vladimirov, A.G., Seifert, T., Phan, A.L., 2015. Indium in cassiterite and ores of tin deposits. Ore Geol. Rev. 66, 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.00.

[105] Pearce, J.A., 1996. Sources and settings of granitic rocks. Episodes 19, 120-125.

[106] Pollard, P.J., Pichavant, M., Charoy, B., 1987. Contrasting evolution of fluorine- and boron-rich tin systems. Miner. Deposita 22, 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00204525.

[107] Richards, J.P., 2015. Tectonic, magmatic, and metallogenic evolution of the Tethyan orogen: from subduction to collision. Ore Geol. Rev. 70, 323-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.11.009.

[108] Roberts, M.P., Clemens, J.D., 1993. Origin of high-potassium, calc-alkaline. I-Type Granitoids. Geology 21 (9), 825-828. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)0212.3.CO;2.

[109] Rodionov, S.M., 2005. Tin metallogeny of Far East Russia. In: Mao J.W., Bierlein F.P. (Eds.), Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1175-1178. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27946-6_300.

[110] Romer, R.L., Kroner, U., 2016. Phanerozoic tin and tungsten mineralization-Tectonic controls on the distribution of enriched protoliths and heat sources for crustal melting. Gondwana Res. 31, 60-95.

[111] Romer, R.L., Kroner, U., Schmidt, C., Legler, C., 2022. Mobilization of tin during continental subduction-accretion processes. Geology 50 (12), 1361-1365. https://doi.org/10.1130/G50466.1.

[112] Sawyer, E.W., 1987. The role of partial melting and fractional crystallization in determining discordant migmatite leucosome compositions. J. Petrol. 28 (3), 445-473. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/28.3.445.

[113] Schwartz, M.O., Rajah, S.S., Askury, A.K., Putthapiban, P., Djaswadi, S., 1995. The southeast Asian tin belt. Earth-Sci. Rev. 38, 95-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(95)00004-T.

[114] Schiano, P., Monzier, M., Eissen, J.P., Martin, H., Koga, K.T., 2009. Simple mixing as the major control of the evolution of volcanic suites in the Ecuadorian Andes. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 160 (2), 297-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-009-0478-2.

[115] Schmidt, C., 2018. Formation of hydrothermal tin deposits: Raman spectroscopic evidence for an important role of aqueous Sn (IV) species. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 220, 499-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.10.011.

[116] Seltmann, R., Soloviev, S., Shatov, V., Pirajno, F., Naumov, E., Cherkasov, S., 2010. Metallogeny of Siberia: tectonic, geologic and metallogenic settings of selected significant deposits. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 57 (6), 655-706. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2010.505277.

[117] Sillitoe, R.H., Steele, G.B., Thompson, J.F.H., Lang, J.R., 1998. Advanced argillic lithocaps in the Bolivian tin-silver belt. Miner. Deposita 33, 539-546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050170.

[118] Sláma, J., Košler, J., Condon, D.J., Crowley, J.L., Gerdes, A., Hanchar, J.M., Horstwood, M.S.A., Morris, G.A., Nasdala, L., Norberg, N., Schaltegger, U., Schoene, B., Tubrett, M.N., Whitehouse, M.J., 2008. Plešovice zircon-a new natural reference material for U-Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chem. Geol. 249, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.11.005.

[119] Söderlund, U., Patchett, P.J., Vervoort, J.D., Isachsen, C.E., 2004. The ¹⁷⁶Lu decay constant determined by Lu-Hf and U-Pb isotope systematics of Precambrian mafic intrusions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 219, 311-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00012-3.

[120] Sobolev, S.V., Babeyko, A.Y., 2005. What drives orogeny in the Andes? Geology 33, 617-620. https://doi.org/10.1130/G21557AR.1.

[121] Sun, S.S., McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geo. Soc. London Special Pub. 42 (1), 313-345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19.

[122] Sun, W., Huang, R.F., Li, H., Hu, Y.B., Zhang, C.C., Sun, S.J., Zhang, L.P., Ding, X., Li, C.Y., Zartman, R.E., Ling, M.X., 2015. Porphyry deposits and oxidized magmas. Ore Geol. Rev. 65, 97-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.09.004.

[123] Sun, F., Chen, T., Liu, H., Zou, X., Zhai, P., Chu, Z., Shu, D., Wang, H., Chen, D., 2021. The pH-dependent degradation of sulfadiazine using natural siderite activating PDS: the role of singlet oxygen. Sci. Total Environ. 784, 147117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147117.

[124] Sun, F., Hu, J., Gui, W., Deng, A., Sun, P., Xiong, F., Liu, J., 2025. Oxygen fugacity-mediated carbonate reactions with siliceous fluids in shallow subduction zones. Geosci. Front. 16 (1), 101891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2024.101891.

[125] Sun, K.K., Deng, J., Wang, Q.F., Chen, B., Xu, R., Ma, Z.F., 2023. Formation of Sn-rich granitic magma: a case study of the highly evolved Kafang granite in the Gejiu tin polymetallic ore district, South China. Miner. Deposita 58 (2), 359-378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-022-01130-2.

[126] Sylvester, P.J., 1998. Post-collision strongly peraluminous granite. Lithos 45, 29-44.

[127] Tang, J.X., Lang, X.H., Xie, F.W., Gao, Y.M., Li, Z.J., Huang, Y., Ding, F., Yang, H.H., Zhang, L., Wang, Q., Zhou, Y., 2015. Geological characteristics and genesis of the Jurassic No. I porphyry Cu-Au deposit in the Xiongcun district, Gangdese porphyry copper belt, Tibet. Ore Geol. Rev. 70, 438-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.02.008.

[128] Thompson, J.F.H., Sillitoe, R.H., Baker, T., Lang, J.R., Mortensen, J.K., 1999. Intrusion-related gold deposits associated with tungsten-tin provinces. Miner. Deposita 34, 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050207.

[129] Tian, K., 2019. Study on geological and geochemical characeristics and genesis of Bangbule Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe deposit, Western Gangdese, Tibet. Ph.D. thesis, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), pp. 72-80 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[130] Vermeesch, P., 2018. IsoplotR: a free and open toolbox for geochronology. Geosci. Front. 9 (5), 1479-1493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.04.001.

[131] Watson, E.B., Harrison, T.M., 1983. Zircon saturation revisited: temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 64 (2), 295-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(83)90211-x.

[132] Wang, R., Richards, J.P., Hou, Z.Q., Yang, Z.M., Gou, Z.B., DuFrane, S.A., 2014. Increasing magmatic oxidation state from Paleocene to Miocene in the eastern Gangdese belt, Tibet: Implication for collision-related porphyry Cu-Mo±Au mineralization. Econ. Geol. 109 (7), 1943-1965. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.7.1943.

[133] Wang, R., Richards, J.P., Hou, Z.Q., An, F., Creaser, R.A., 2015. Zircon U-Pb age and Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotope geochemistry of the Paleocene-Eocene igneous rocks in western Gangdese: evidence for the timing of Neo-Tethyan slab breakoff. Lithos 224-225, 179-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.03.003.

[134] Wang, L., Cheng, W., Tang, J., Kang, H., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., 2016. U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry, and H-O-S-Pb isotopic compositions of the Leqingla and Xin’gaguo skarn Pb-Zn polymetallic deposits, Tibet, China. J. Asian Earth Sci. 115, 80-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.09.018.

[135] Wang, D., Mathur, R., Powell, W., Godfrey, L., Zheng, Y.Y., 2019. Experimental evidence for fractionation of tin chlorides by redox and vapor mechanisms. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 250, 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.02.022.

[136] Wang, R., Luo, C.H., Xia, W.J., He, W.Y., Liu, B., Huang, M.L., Hou, Z.Q., Zhu, D.C., 2021. Role of alkaline magmatism in formation of porphyry deposits in nonarc settings: Gangdese and Sanjiang metallogenic belts. Econ. Geol. 24, 205-229. https://doi.org/10.5382/SP.24.12.

[137] Whalen, J.B., Currie, K.L., Chappell, B.W., 1987. A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis. Contrib Miner. Petrol. 95, 407-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00402202.

[138] Wiedenbeck, M.A.P.C., Alle, P., Corfu, F.Y., Griffin, W.L., Meier, M., Oberli, Von Quadt, F.V., Roddick, J.C., Spiegel, W., 1995. Three natural zircon standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, trace element and REE analysis. Geostand. Newsl. 19 (1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1995.tb00147.x.

[139] Wu, Y.B., Zheng, Y.F., 2004. Zircon genesis and mineralogical studies and their constraints on the interpretation of U-Pb ages. Sci. Bull. 49 (16), 1589-1604 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[140] Wu, F.Y., Yang, Y.H., Xie, L.W., Yang, J.H., Xu, P., 2006. Hf isotopic compositions of the standard zircons and baddeleyites used in U-Pb geochronology. Chem. Geol. 234, 105-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.05.003.

[141] Wu, F.Y., Liu, X.C., Ji, W.Q., Wang, J.M., Yang, L., 2017. Highly fractionated granites: Recognition and research. Sci. China Earth Sci. 60 (7), 1201-1219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-016-5139-1.

[142] Wu, H.Y., Deng, J., Wang, Q.F., Zhang, L.C., Cui, X.L., Shu, Q.H., Zhang, Q.W., Zhou, S.M., 2019. SIMS U-Pb zircon geochronological and geochemical study of the Sn deposits in Tengchong, north of the Southeast Asian metallogenic belt: Implications for the timing of mineralization and ore genesis. Ore Geol. Rev. 111, 102954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.102954.

[143] Xiao, K., Sun, X., Zhang, R., Zheng, M., Pei, T., Hollings, P., Fu, B., Deng, J., 2024. Cassiterite geochronology and geochemistry of the Yunling Sn deposit: implication for late Cenozoic mineralization in western Yunnan, China. Miner. Deposita 60, 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-024-01309-9.

[144] Xu, J., 2017. Metallogenic mechanism and regularity of the Paleogene Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn skarn deposits in Nyainqentanglha, Tibet. Ph.D. thesis, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), pp. 37-180 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[145] Xu, J., Zheng, Y.Y., Sun, X., Li, X.F., Mao, G.Z., 2019. Genesis of the Yaguila Pb-Zn-Ag-Mo skarn deposit in Tibet: Insights from geochronology, geochemistry, and fluid inclusions. J. Asian Earth Sci. 172, 83-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.08.007.

[146] Yang, J.H., Wu, F.Y., Chung, S.L., Wilde, S.A., Chu, M.F., 2006. A hybrid origin for the Qianshan A-type granite, northeast China: geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic evidence. Lithos 89 (1-2), 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.10.002.

[147] Yang, Z.M., Hou, Z.Q., White, N.C., Chang, Z.S., Li, Z.Q., Song, Y.C., 2009. Geology of the post-collisional porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit at Qulong, Tibet. Ore Geol. Rev. 36 (1-3), 133-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2009.03.003.

[148] Yang, Y., 2015. The study on geological characteristics of Lietinggang iron polymetallic deposit, Tibet and metallogenic regularity of typical deposits in the north Gangdese metllogenic belt. Ph.D. thesis, Chengdu University of Technology, pp. 74-81 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[149] Yang, X.M., Lentz, D.R., Chi, G.X., 2021. Ferric-ferrous iron oxide ratios: effect on crystallization pressure of granites estimated by Qtz-geobarometry. Lithos 380, 105920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105920.

[150] Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., 2000. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 28 (1), 211-280. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.211.

[151] Yu, F., Li, Z.G., Zhao, Z.D., Xie, G.G., Dong, G.C., Zhou, S., Zhu, D.C., Mo, X.X., 2010. Geochamistry and implication of the Linzizong volcanic succession in Cuomai area centralwestern Gangdese Tibet. Acta Petrol. Sin. 26 (7), 2217-2225 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[152] Yu, Y.S., Yang, Z.S., Duo, J., Hou, Z.Q., Tian, S.H., Meng, X.J., Liu, H.F., Zhang, J.S., Wang, H.P., Liu, Y.C., 2011. Age and petrogenesis of magmatic rocks from Jiaduobule skarn Fe-Cu deposit in Tibet: evidence from zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating, Hf isotope and REE. Miner. Depos. 7, 420-434 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[153] Yuan, S.D., Liu, M., Zhao, P.L., 2020. Some problems involving in petrogenesis and metallogenesis of granite-related tin deposits. Miner. Depos. 39(4), 607-618 https://doi.org/10.16111/j.0258-7106. 2020.04. 006.in Chinese with English abstract).

[154] Yuan, S.D., Peng, J.T., Hao, S., Li, H.M., Geng, J.Z., Zhang, D.L., 2011. In situ LA-MC-ICP-MS and ID-TIMS U-Pb geochronology of cassiterite in the giant Furong tin deposit, Hunan Province, South China: New constraints on the timing of tin-polymetallic mineralization. Ore Geol. Rev. 43 (1), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.08.002.

[155] Zhang, D.L., Peng, J.T., Hu, R.Z., Yuan, S.D., Zheng, D.S., 2011. The closure of U-Pb isotope system in cassiterite and its reliability for dating. Geol. Rev. 57, 549-554 (in Chinese with English abstract).

[156] Zhang, Q., Zhao, K.D., Li, W.Q., Palmer, M.R., Jiang, S.Y., Jiang, H., Zhang, W., Zhang, D., Hussain, A., 2022. Timing and tectonic setting of tin mineralization in southern Myanmar: constraints from cassiterite and wolframite U-Pb ages. Miner. Deposita 57, 977-999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01083-y.

[157] Zhang, Q.H., Qiu, L., Yan, D.P., Li, M.L., Yang, T., Zhou, Z.C., Ariser, S., Yang, B.Y., Wang, M.H., Zhao, X.S., 2025. Impact of slab rollback on the surface of overriding plate: late Cretaceous extension and topographic evolution to the west of the Xuefeng orogen in the South China block. Tectonics 44 (3), e2024TC008354. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024TC008354.

[158] Zhao, P.L., Zajacz, Z., Tsay, A., Yuan, S.D., 2022. Magmatic-hydrothermal tin deposits form in response to efficient tin extraction upon magma degassing. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 316, 331-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.09.011.

[159] Zhao, W.W., Zhou, M.F., Dudka, S., 2023. In situ U-Pb dating of garnet and cassiterite from the Kanbauk W-Sn (-F) skarn deposit, Dawei region, southern Myanmar: New insights on the regional Sn-W metallogeny in the Southeast Asian tin belt. Econ. Geol. 118 (5), 1219-1229. https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.5002.

[160] Zhu, D.C., Zhao, Z.D., Niu, Y.L., Mo, X.X., Chung, S.L., Hou, Z.Q., Wang, L.Q., Wu, F.Y., 2011. The Lhasa Terrane: Record of a microcontinent and its histories of drift and growth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 301, 241-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.005.

[161] Zhu, D.C., Zhao, Z.D., Niu, Y., Dilek, Y., Hou, Z.Q., Mo, X.X., 2013. The origin and pre-Cenozoic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. Gondwana Res. 23 (4), 1429-1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.02.002.

[162] Zhu, D.C., Wang, Q., Zhao, Z.D., Chung, S.L., Cawood, P.A., Niu, Y.L., Liu, S.A., Wu, F.Y., Mo, X.X., 2015. Magmatic record of India-Asia collision. Sci. Rep. 5 (1), 14289. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14289.

[163] Zhu, D.C., Wang, Q., Weinberg, R.F., Cawood, P.A., Chung, S.L., Zheng, Y.F., Zhao, Z., Hou, Z.Q., Mo, X.X., 2022. Interplay between oceanic subduction and continental collision in building continental crust. Nat. Commun. 13 (1), 7141. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34826-0.

[164] Zhu, D.C., Wang, Q., Weinberg, R.F., Cawood, P.A., Zhao, Z., Hou, Z.Q., Mo, X.X., 2023. Continental crustal growth processes recorded in the Gangdese batholith, southern Tibet. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 51 (1), 155-188. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-110452.

[165] Zheng, Y.Y., Sun, X., Gao, S.B., Zhao, Z.D., Zhang, G.Y., Wu, S., You, Z.M., Li, J.D., 2014. Multiple mineralization events at the Jiru porphyry copper deposit, southern Tibet: implications for Eocene and Miocene magma sources and resource potential. J. Asian Earth Sci. 79, 842-857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.03.029.

[166] Zheng, Y.C., Fu, Q., Hou, Z.Q., Yang, Z.S., Huang, K.X., Wu, C.D., Sun, Q.Z., 2015. Metallogeny of the northeastern Gangdese Pb-Zn-Ag-Fe-Mo-W polymetallic belt in the Lhasa terrane, southern Tibet. Ore Geol. Rev. 70, 510-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.04.004.

[167] Zong, K.Q., Klemd, R., Yuan, Y., He, Z.Y., Guo, J.L., Shi, X.L., Liu, Y.S., Hu, Z.C., Zhang, Z.M., 2017. The assembly of Rodinia: the correlation of early Neoproterozoic (ca. 900 Ma) high-grade metamorphism and continental arc formation in the southern Beishan Orogen, southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Precambr. Res. 290, 32-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.12.010.