Lithospheric thickness controls the porphyry Cu mineralization: Evidence from neighboring arc volcanic rocks

Abstract

It is widely considered that porphyry Cu deposits formed via oceanic slab subduction are closely associated with hydrous and oxidized arc magmas. Of note, two suites of neighboring ( ∼ 40 km apart) Carboniferous arc volcanic rocks in Northwest China show different extents of mineralization: volcanic rocks from the Dananhu arc (DNHA) host one of the most important porphyry Cu deposit belts in China, whereas those from the Yamansu arc (YMSA), adjacent to DNHA, are ore-barren. These arc volcanic rocks, thus, provide a precious opportunity to explore the main factor that controls the genetic links between coeval arc lavas and porphyry Cu mineralization. Here we report whole rock major and trace element compositions and Mg-Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data, generating a comprehensive geochemical comparison for these two suites of volcanic rocks from basalt to dacite. The whole-rock geochemical analyses suggest that at a given SiO₂ content, the YMSA basalts show lower MgO, CaO, Fe₂O₃^T, and TiO₂ contents than the DNHA basalts. The DNHA volcanic rocks have higher Sr/Y and (La/Yb)_N ratios, which are positively correlated, indicating that these two suites of rocks were derived from different magma sources. The DNHA rocks are characterized by radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions with ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb up to 19.457, clearly distinct from the YMSA volcanic rocks with less radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.146-18.487), suggesting variable assimilation of crust-derived components during magma evolution. The δ²⁶Mg values of the DNHA rocks ( − 0.35 ‰ to +0.06 ‰ ) are largely similar to those of the YMSA rocks ( − 0.24 ‰ to +0.04 ‰ ), and both sets of isotopic ratio ranges have tendency toward heavy Mg isotopes, which could be attributed to serpentinite-derived high-δ²⁶Mg fluids in their mantle sources. Both suites of arc lavas have constant Cu contents and Cu/Sc ratios, indicating inconspicuous pre-enrichment of Cu contents. Geochemical comparisons indicate that the DNHA rocks were derived from partial melting of peridotite at the depth around the spinel-garnet transitional stability field, whereas the YMSA rocks were derived from partial melting of spinel peridotite, and the DNHA magmas had a thicker overlying plate than that of the YMSA magmas. The thickened arc lithosphere facilitates water-rich magmas accumulation and garnet fractionation, driving the magmas to become more oxidized, thereby preventing sulfide segregation and releasing sulfide-bound Cu. Thus, magmas differentiation in the thickened arc lithosphere is a key factor influencing porphyry Cu ore potential.

Keywords

Arc magmatism / Mg-Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes / Slab-derived fluids / Subduction zone / Eastern Tianshan

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Yin-Hong Wang: Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Methodology, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Jun Deng: Writing - review & editing, Validation, Supervision, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Jia-Jun Liu: Validation, Supervision, Investigation, Formal analysis. Fang-Fang Zhang: Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Jin-Gao Liu: Writing - review & editing, Investigation, Formal analysis. Shan Ke: Validation, Resources, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. Kang Wang: Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis. Zhong-Yu Zhang: Writing - original draft, Visualization, Formal analysis.

Data availability

The data that supports the findings of this study are available in the supplementary data of this article.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

We thank Prof. R. Damian Nance, Dr. Alexander Farrar, and an anonymous reviewer for constructive comments on an earlier version of this paper. This study was funded by the Deep Earth Probe and Mineral Resources Exploration – National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2024ZD1002100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42072102), and the 111 Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (BP0719021). We would like to thank Professor Yusheng Zhai for constructive discussions. We also thank Shuguang Li, Shengao Liu, Shuijiong Wang, Jianming Zhu, and Gang Chen for assisting with Sr–Nd–Pb–Mg isotope analyses and for help with field work.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102189.

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