First evidence of ca. 1.77 Ga S-type magmatism, Aravalli orogen: Implications for the late Paleoproterozoic geodynamic evolution of NW India

Abstract

Present models for the late Paleoproterozoic evolution of the Aravalli orogen (NW India) postulate the existence of a continental magmatic arc active between 1875 Ma and 1810 Ma, followed by a phase of post-collisional magmatism between 1730 Ma and 1700 Ma. However, the tectono-magmatic processes occurring between these two events remain cryptic. In this study, evidence for an intervening magmatic phase is revealed based on the investigation of granitoids exposed in the southern part of the Aravalli orogen. U-Pb zircon dating of these granitoids (granites to tonalites) yielded emplacement ages between 1770 Ma and 1760 Ma. Whole-rock geochemical data indicate a strongly peraluminous, S-type, high-K calc-alkaline character, with magnesian to ferroan signatures and a syn-collisional tectonic affinity. The REE patterns are predominantly highly fractionated, displaying depleted HREE profiles and moderate to weak negative Eu anomalies. The geochemical data further suggest derivation of the granitoids by partial melting of meta-greywackes at temperatures > 800 °C. Subchondritic eHf(t) values (−11.0 to −2.6) further indicate reworking of a heterogeneous crust. The results of this and previous studies collectively indicate that the Aravalli orogen evolved through three distinct late Paleoproterozoic tectono-magmatic phases: (1) subduction-related magmatism at 1875‒1810 Ma, (2) syn-collisional S-type plutonism at ca. 1770 Ma, and (3) post-collisional extension-related A-type magmatism at ca. 1720 Ma. Globally, Paleoproterozoic S-type granites were predominantly derived by anatexis of Archean crust. Additionally, the data suggest that the northern margin of proto-India collided with fragments of the Columbia supercontinent at ca. 1770 Ma, postdating Columbia’s maximum packing time (1900-1850 Ma).

Keywords

Aravalli orogen / Late Paleoproterozoic / S-type granites / syn-collisional magmatism / Zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes / Columbia supercontinent

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Parampreet Kaur: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Armin Zeh: Writing - review & editing, Software, Resources, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis. Naveen Chaudhri: Writing - review & editing, Writing - original draft, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Prabhakar Dutta: Methodology, Investigation. Swati Sharma: Methodology, Investigation.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

We thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and R. Damian Nance for efficient editorial handling. Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi is acknowledged for the financial support (award no. MoES/P.O/(Geo)/100(2)/2017) to carry out this work. AZ thanks A. Gerdes and Linda Markow (FIERCE Frankfurt Germany) for help with Hf isotope analyses.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102182.

References

[1] Abati, J., Aghzer, A.M., Gerdes, A., Ennih, N., 2010. Detrital zircon ages of Neoproterozoic sequences on the Moroccan Anti-Atlas belt. Precambrian. Res. 181, 115-128.

[2] Ahmad, I., Abdul Latheef, T.P., Mondal, M.E.A., Hamidullah, I.S., Parvez, K., 2023. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Paleoproterozoic orthogneisses and granitoids of the Banded Gneissic Complex, central Rajasthan, NW India: implications for crustal reworking processes. Acta Geochim. 42, 373-386.

[3] Ahmad, T., Kaulina, T.V., Wanjari, N., Mishra, M.K., Nitkina, E.A., 2009. U-Pb zircon chronology and Sm-Nd isotopic characteristics of the Amgaon and Tirodi Gneissic Complex, Central Indian Shield:constraints on Precambrian crustal evolution. In: 2. Excel India Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 137-138.

[4] Almeida, M.E., Macambira, M.J.B., Oliveria, E.C., 2007. Geochemistry and zircon geochronology of the I-type high-K calc-alkaline and S-type granitoid rocks from southeastern Roraima, Brazil: Orosirian collisional magmatism evidence (1.97- 1.96 Ga) in central portion of Guyana Shield. Precambrian Res. 155, 69-97.

[5] Bakliwal, P.C., Ramasamy, S.M., 1987. Lineament fabric of Rajasthan and Gujarat, India. Rec. Geol. Surv. India 113, 54-64.

[6] Barbarin, B., 1999. A review of the relationships between granitoid types, their origins and their geodynamic environments. Lithos 46, 605-626.

[7] Barker, F., 1979. Trondhjemite:definition, environment and hypothesis of origin. In: Barker F. (Ed.), Trondhjemite, Dacites and Related Rocks. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1-12.

[8] Barrat, J.A., Zanda, B., Moynier, F., Bollinger, C., Liorzou, C., Bayon, G., 2012. Geochemistry of CI chondrites: major and trace elements, and Cu and Zn isotopes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 83, 79-92.

[9] Bhattacharya, H.N., Mukherjee, A., 2020. A reappraisal of Jharol Formation in the context of stratigraphy of Aravalli Supergroup, Rajasthan, India. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 129, 153.

[10] Bhowmik, S.K., Bernhardt, H.-J., Dasgupta, S., 2010. Grenvillian age high-pressure upper amphibolite-granulite metamorphism in the Aravalli-Delhi mobile belt, northwestern India: new evidence from monazite chemical age and its implication. Precambrian Res. 178, 168-184.

[11] Bradley, D.C., 2011. Secular trends in the geologic record and the supercontinent cycle. Earth-Sci. Rev. 108, 16-33.

[12] Bucholz, C.E., Spencer, C.J., 2019. Strongly peraluminous granites across the Archean-Proterozoic transition. J. Petrol. 60, 1299-1348.

[13] Bucholz, C.E., Stolper, E.M., Eiler, J.M., Breaks, F.W., 2018. A comparison of oxygen fugacities of strongly peraluminous granites across the Archean - Proterozoic boundary. J. Petrol. 59, 2123-2156.

[14] Cawood, P.A., Kröner, A., Collins, W.J., Kusky, T.M., Mooney, W.D., Windley, B.F., 2009. Accretionary orogens through Earth history. In: Cawood P.A., Kröner A., (Eds.),Accretionary Systems in Space and Time. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 318, pp.1-36.

[15] Cawood, P.A., Hawkesworth, C.J., Dhuime, B., 2013. The continental record and the generation of continental crust. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 125, 14-32.

[16] Chappell, B.W., White, A.J.R., 1974. Two contrasting granite types. Pacific Geol. 8, 173-174.

[17] Chappell, B.W., White, A.J.R., 2001. Two contrasting granite types: 25 years later. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 48, 489-499.

[18] Chattopadhyay, N., Gangopadhyay, S., 1984. Petrological study of the ultramafic rocks of Rajasthan. Geol. Surv. India Spec. Publ. 12, 17-24.

[19] Chen, Z.-H., Xing, G.-F., 2013. Petrogenesis of a Palaeoproterozoic S-type granite, central Wuyishan terrane, SE China: implications for early crustal evolution of the Cathaysia Block. Int. Geol. Rev. 55, 1445-1461.

[20] Colleps, C.L., McKenzie, N.R., Sharma, M., Liu, H., Gibson, T.M., Chen, W., Stockli, D.F., 2021. Zircon and apatite U-Pb age constraints from the Bundelkhand craton and Proterozoic strata of central India: insights into craton stabilization and subsequent basin evolution. Precambrian Res. 362, 106286.

[21] Condie, K.C., 1993. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chem. Geol. 104, 1-37.

[22] Condie, K.C., 2011. Earth as an Evolving Planetary System. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 574.

[23] Collins, W.J., Richards, S.W., 2008. Geodynamic significance of S-type granite in circum-Pacific orogens. Geology 36, 559-562.

[24] Collins, W.J., Huang, H.-Q., Bowden, P., Kemp, A.I.S. 2020. Repeated S-I-A-type granite trilogy in the Lachlan Orogen, and geochemical contrasts with A-type granites in Nigeria:implications for petrogenesis and tectonic discrimination. In: Janoušek V., Bonin B., Collins W.J., Farina F., Bowden P. (Eds.), Post-Archean Granitic Rocks: Petrogenetic Processes and Tectonic Environments. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 491, 53-76.

[25] Crawford, A.R., 1970. The Precambrian geochronology of Rajasthan and Bundelkhand, northern India. Can. J. Earth Sci. 7, 91-110.

[26] Das, A.R., 1988. Geometry of the superposed deformation in the Delhi Supergroup of rocks, North of Jaipur, Rajasthan. In: Roy A.B. (Ed.), Precambrian of the Aravalli Mountain, Rajasthan, India. Mem. Geol. Soc. India 7, pp.247-266.

[27] Dutta, P., Kaur, P., Chaudhri, N., Sharma, S., 2025. Petrogenesis of the Jaisamand sanukitoids and associated TTGs: constraints on the Neoarchean tectonic evolution of the southern Aravalli-Banded Gneissic complex, northwest India. Acta Geochim. 44, 700-730.

[28] Eriksson, P.G., Hattingh, P.J., Altermann, W., 1995. An overview of the geology of Transvaal sequence and Bushveld complex, South Africa. Mineral. Depos. 30, 98-111.

[29] Evans, D.A.D., Mitchell, R.N., 2011. Assembly and breakup of the core of Paleoproterozoic-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Nuna. Geology 39, 443-446.

[30] Frost, B.R., Frost, C.D., 2008. A geochemical classification for feldspathic igneous rocks. J. Petrol. 49, 1955-1969.

[31] Frost, B.R., Barnes, C.G., Collins, W.J., Arculus, R.J., Ellis, D.J., Frost, C.D., 2001. A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. J. Petrol. 42, 2033-2048.

[32] Gerdes, A., Zeh, A., 2006. Combined U-Pb and Hf isotope LA-(MC-) ICP-MS analyses of detrital zircons: comparison with SHRIMP and new constraints for the provenance and age of an Armorican metasediment in central Germany. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 249, 47-61.

[33] Gerdes, A., Zeh, A., 2009. Zircon formation versus zircon alteration - new insights from combined U-Pb and Lu-Hf in-situ LA-ICP-MS analyses, and consequences for the interpretation of Archean zircon from the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt. Chem. Geol. 261, 230-243.

[34] Gopalan, K., Macdougall, J.D., Roy, A.B., Murali, A.V., 1990. Sm-Nd evidence for 3.3 Ga old rocks in Rajasthan, northwestern India. Precambrian Res. 48, 287-297.

[35] Gupta, S.N., Arora, Y.K., Mathur, R.K., Iqbaluddin, Prasad, B., Sahai, T.N., Sharma, S.B., 1997. The Precambrian geology of the Aravalli region, southern Rajasthan and northeastern Gujarat. Mem. Geol. Surv. India 123, p. 262.

[36] Harris, N.B.W., Pearce, J.A., Tindle, A.G., 1986. Geochemical characteristics of collision-zone magmatism. In: Coward M.P., Ries A.C., (Eds.),Collision Tectonics. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 19, pp.67-81.

[37] Heron, A.M., 1923. Geology of western Jaipur. Rec. Geol. Surv. India 54, 345-397.

[38] Heron, A.M., 1953. The geology of central Rajputana. Mem. Geol. Surv. India 79, 389.

[39] Hildebrand, R.S., Hoffman, P.F., Bowring, S.A., 2010. The Calderian orogen in Wopmay orogen (1.9 Ga), northwestern Canadian Shield. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 122, 794-814.

[40] Hoffman, E.L., 1992. Instrumental neutron activation in geoanalysis. J. Geochem. Explor. 44, 297-319.

[41] Hou, G., Santosh, M., Qian, X., Lister, G.S., Li, J., 2008. Configuration of the late Paleoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia: insights from radiating mafic dyke swarms. Gondwana Res. 14, 395-409.

[42] Iaccheri, L.M., Bagas, L., 2020. Zircon provenances provide paleogeographic constraints on models reconstructing the Paleoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent. Gondwana Res. 82, 254-266.

[43] Johansson, Å., Bingen, B., Huhma, H., Waight, T., Vestergaard, R., Soesoo, A., Skridlaite, G., Krzeminska, E., Shumlyanskyy, L., Holland, M.E., Holm-Denoma, C., Teixeira, W., Faleiros, F.M., Ribeiro, B.V., Jacobs, J., Wang, C., Thomas, R.J., Macey, P.H., Kirkland, C.L., Hartnady, M.I.H., Eglington, B.M., Puetz, S.J., Condie, K.C., 2022. A geochronological review of magmatism along the external margin of Columbia and in the Grenville-age orogens forming the core of Rodinia. Precambrian Res. 371, 106463.

[44] Jung, S., Pfänder, J.A., 2007. Source composition and melting temperatures of orogenic granitoids-constraints form CaO/Na2O, Al2O3/TiO2 and accessory mineral saturation thermometry. Eur. J. Mineral. 19, 859-870.

[45] Kaur, P., Chaudhri, N., Raczek, I., Kröner, A., Hofmann, A.W., 2009. Record of 1.82 Ga Andean-type continental arc magmatism in NE Rajasthan, India: insights from zircon and Sm-Nd ages, combined with Nd-Sr isotope geochemistry. Gondwana Res. 16, 56-71.

[46] Kaur, P., Zeh, A., Chaudhri, N., Gerdes, A., Okrusch, M., 2011a. Archean to Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the Aravalli mountain range, NW India, and its hinterland: the U-Pb and Hf isotope record of detrital zircon. Precambrian Res. 187, 155-164.

[47] Kaur, P., Chaudhri, N., Raczek, I., Kröner, A., Hofmann, A.W., Okrusch, M., 2011b. Zircon ages of late Palaeoproterozoic (ca. 1. 72-1.70 Ga) extension-related granitoids in NE Rajasthan, India: regional and tectonic significance. Gondwana Res. 19, 1040-1053.

[48] Kaur, P., Zeh, A., Chaudhri, N., Gerdes, A., Okrusch, M., 2013a. Nature of magmatism and sedimentation at a Columbia active margin: insights from combined U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope data of detrital zircons from NW India. Gondwana Res. 23, 1040-1052.

[49] Kaur, P., Chaudhri, N., Hofmann, A.W., Raczek, I., Okrusch, M., 2013b. Geochemistry and Sm-Nd geochronology of the metasomatised mafic rocks in the Khetri complex, Rajasthan, NW India: evidence of an Early Cryogenian metasomatic event in the northern Aravalli orogen. J. Asian Earth Sci. 62, 401-413.

[50] Kaur, P., Chaudhri, N., Hofmann, A.W., 2015. New evidence for two sharp replacement fronts during albitization of granitoids from northern Aravalli orogen, northwest India. Int. Geol. Rev. 57, 1660-1685.

[51] Kaur, P., Zeh, A., Chaudhri, N., 2017a. Paleoproterozoic continental arc magmatism, and Neoproterozoic metamorphism in the Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt, NW India: new constraints from in situ zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope systematics, monazite dating and whole rock geochemistry. J. Asian Earth Sci. 136, 68-88.

[52] Kaur, P., Eliyas, N., Chaudhri, N., 2017b. Record of post-collisional A-type magmatism in the Alwar complex, northern Aravalli orogen, NW India. Curr. Sci. 112, 608-615.

[53] Kaur, P., Zeh, A., Chaudhri, N., Eliyas, N., 2017c. Two distinct sources of 1.73-1.70 Ga A-type granites from the northern Aravalli orogen, NW India: constraints from in situ zircon U-Pb ages and Lu-Hf isotopes. Gondwana Res. 49, 164-181.

[54] Kaur, P., Zeh, A., Chaudhri, N., 2019a. U-Pb age and Hf isotope records of detrital zircon grains from the North Delhi Supergroup, NW India: implications for provenance and stratigraphic correlations. Int. J. Earth Sci. 108, 2683-2697.

[55] Kaur, P., Zeh, A., Chaudhri, N., 2019b. Archean crustal evolution of the Aravalli Banded Gneissic Complex, NW India: constraints from zircon U-Pb ages, Lu-Hf isotope systematics, and whole-rock geochemistry of granitoids. Precambrian Res. 327, 81-102.

[56] Kaur, P., Zeh, A., Chaudhri, N., Tiwana, J.K., 2020. First evidence of late Paleoproterozoic/ early Mesoproterozoic sediment deposition and magmatism in the central Aravalli orogen (NW India). J. Geol. 128, 109-129.

[57] Kaur, P., Zeh, A., Chaudhri, N., 2021. Archean to Proterozoic (3535-900 Ma) crustal evolution of the central Aravalli Banded Gneissic Complex, NW India: new constraints from zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes and geochemistry. Precambrian Res. 359, 106179.

[58] Kaur, P., Zeh, A., Chaudhri, N., Dutta, P., 2022. Detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope record of conglomerates in the southern Aravalli orogen, NW India: implications for stratigraphy, provenance and Archean to Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution. Precambrian Res. 379, 106800.

[59] Kaur, P., Zeh, A., Chaudhri, N., Sharma, S., 2023a. Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the central Aravalli-Banded Gneissic Complex (NW India): evidence from zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope systematics and whole rock composition of Neoarchean sanukitoids, Paleoproterozoic granitoids and metasedimentary rocks. Precambrian Res. 399, 107236.

[60] Kaur, P., Zeh, A., Chaudhri, N., Manisha, Tiwana, J.K., Dutta, P., 2023b. Stenian sediments (< 1065 Ma) and Tonian A- and I-type magmatism (1000-970 Ma) along the western margin of the central Aravalli orogen, NW India: petrogenetic and geodynamic implications. Gondwana Res. 117, 23-40.

[61] Kaur, P., Zeh, A., Chaudhri, N., Dutta, P., Gerdes, A., 2025. Aravalli A-type granites (ca. 1.72 Ga), NW India: petrogenesis, geodynamic evolution, and global implications for late Paleoproterozoic crustal reworking. Precambrian Res 430, 107936.

[62] Khaksar, T., Rashidnejad-Omran, N., Li, S.-Q., Song, S.-G., Kananian, A., Chen, F., Li, S., 2022. Geochronology and petrogenesis of granitoids and associated mafic enclaves from Ghohroud in the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc (Iran): evidence for magma mixing during the closure of the Neotethyan ocean. Geol. J. 57, 3313-3332.

[63] Kohn, M.J., Paul, S.K., Corrie, S.L., 2010. The lower Lesser Himalayan sequence: a Paleoproterozoic arc on the northern margin of the Indian plate. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 122, 323-335.

[64] Kusky, T.M., Santosh, M., 2009. The Columbia connection in North China. In: Reddy S.M., Mazumder R., Evans D.A.D., Collins A.S., (Eds.),Palaeoproterozoic Supercontinents and Global Evolution. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 323, 49-71.

[65] Laurent, O., Martin, H., Moyen, J.-F., Doucelance, R., 2014. The diversity and evolution of late-Archean granitoids: evidence for the onset of ‘‘modern-style” plate tectonics between 3.0 and 2.5 Ga. Lithos 205, 208-235.

[66] Li, K., Deng, Q., Wang, J., Yakymchuk, C., Hou, M., Cui, X., Ren, G., Ren, F., Luo, W., 2021. Paleoproterozoic S-type granites in the Lengshui complex, South China: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Yangtze Block. Int. Geol. Rev. 63, 1471-1489.

[67] Li, W., Yin, C., Lin, S., Li, W., Gao, P., Zhang, J., Qian, J., Qiao, H., 2022. Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution from subduction to collision of the Khondalite Belt in North China: evidence from multiple magmatism in the Qianlishan complex. Precambrian Res. 368, 106471.

[68] Ludwig, K.R., 2012. User’s Manual for Isoplot 3.75: a Geochronological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center, Speical Publication No. 5.

[69] Magni, V., van Hunen, J., Funiciello, F., Faccenna, C., 2012. Numerical models of slab migration in continental collision zones. Solid Earth 3, 293-306.

[70] Mandal, S., Robinson, D.M., Kohn, M.J., Khanal, S., Das, O., Bose, S., 2016. Zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes of the Askot klippe, Kumaun, northwest India: implications for Paleoproterozoic tectonics, basin evolution and associated metallogeny of the northern Indian cratonic margin. Tectonics 35, 965-982.

[71] Maniar, P.D., Piccoli, P.M., 1989. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 101, 635-643.

[72] McKenzie, N.R., Hughes, N.C., Myrow, P.M., Banerjee, D.M., Deb, M., Planavsky, N.J., 2013. New age constraints for the Proterozoic Aravalli-Delhi successions of India and their implications. Precambrian Res. 238, 120-128.

[73] Miller, C.F., McDowell, S.M., Mapes, R.W., 2003. Hot and cold granites? Implications of zircon saturation temperatures and preservation of inheritance. Geology 31, 529-532.

[74] Mishra, S., Singh, V.K., Slabunov, A.I., Nainwal, H.C., Singh, P.K., Chaudhary, N., Nainwal, D.C., 2019. Geochemistry and geodynamic setting of Paleoproterozoic granites of Lesser Garhwal Himalaya, India. J. Geosci. Eng. Env. Tech. 4, 28-38.

[75] Mishra, S., Slabunov, A.I., Nainwal, H.C., Singh, V.K., Singh, P.K., Nesterova, N.S., Sevtov, S.A., 2022. Palaeoproterozoic S-type granites from Garhwal Himalaya, NW India: geochemistry, Sm-Nd isotope systematics and tectonic implications. Geol. J. 57, 2443-2463.

[76] Mondal, M.E.A., Raza, A., 2013. Geochemistry of sanukitoid series granitoids from the Neoarchaean Berach granitoid batholith, Aravalli craton, northwestern Indian shield. Curr. Sci. 105, 102-108.

[77] Moyen, J.-F., Martin, H., 2012. Forty years of TTG research. Lithos 148, 312-336.

[78] Nabelek, P.I., 2020. Petrogenesis of leucogranites in collisional orogens. In: Janoušek V., Bonin B., Collins W.J., Farina F., Bowden P. (Eds.), Post-Archean Granitic Rocks: Petrogenetic Processes and Tectonic Environments. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 491, 179-207.

[79] Nance, R.D., Murphy, J.B., Santosh, M., 2014. The supercontinent cycle: a retrospective essay. Gondwana Res. 25, 4-29.

[80] Nance, R.D., Worsley, T.R., Moody, J.B., 1988. The supercontinent cycle. Sci. Am. 259, 72-79.

[81] Ozha, M.K., Mishra, B., Hazarika, P., Jeyagopal, A.V., Yadav, G.S., 2016. EPMA monazite geochronology of the basement and supracrustal rocks within Pur-Banera basin, Rajasthan: evidence of Columbia breakup in northwestern India. J. Asian Earth Sci. 117, 284-303.

[82] Palme, H., O’Neill, H., 2014. Cosmochemical estimates of mantle composition. In: Holland H.D., Turekian K.K. (Eds.),second ed. 3. Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 1-39.

[83] Pandit, M.K., Kumar, H., Wang, W., 2021. Geochemistry and geochronology of A-type basement granitoids in the north-central Aravalli Craton: implications on Proterozoic geodynamics of NW Indian Block. Geosci. Front. 12, 101084.

[84] Patiño Douce, A.E., 1999. What do experiments tell us about the relative contributions of crust and mantle to the origin of granitic magmas? In: Castro A., Fernandez C., Vigneresse J.L., (Eds.), Understanding Granites: Integrating New and Classical Techniques. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ. 168, 55-75.

[85] Patiño Douce, A.E., Beard, J.S., 1995. Dehydration-melting of biotite gneiss and quartz amphibolite from 3 to 15 kbar. J. Petrol. 36, 707-738.

[86] Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W., Tindle, A.G., 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. J. Petrol. 25, 956-983.

[87] Phukon, P., 2022. Nature of the northern Indian plate margin during the assembly of supercontinent Columbia: was it a part of a double subduction? Earth-Sci. Rev. 233, 104185.

[88] Qasim, M., Mahapatro, S.N., Ranjan, S., Asokan, A.D., Sarma, D.S., Ram Mohan, M., 2025. Zircon U-Pb age and petrogenetic constraints on granitic magmatism from the southwestern Chhotanagpur Granite Gneiss Complex: implications for Proterozoic crustal growth in the Central India. Precambrian Res. 422, 107783.

[89] Rahaman, M.S., Mondal, M.E.A., 2015. Evolution of continental crust of the Aravalli craton, NW India, during the Neoarchaean-Palaeoproterozoic: evidence from geochemistry of granitoids. Int. Geol. Rev. 57, 1510-1525.

[90] Rickwood, P.C., 1989. Boundary lines within petrologic diagrams which uses oxides of major and minor elements. Lithos 22, 247-263.

[91] Rogers, J.J.W., Santosh, M., 2002. Configuration of Columbia, a Mesoproterozoic supercontinent. Gondwana Res. 5, 5-22.

[92] Rogers, J.J.W., Santosh, M., 2004. Continents and Supercontinents. Oxford University Press, New York, p. 289.

[93] Rogers, J.J.W., Santosh, M., 2009. Tectonics and surface effects of the supercontinent Columbia. Gondwana Res. 15, 373-380.

[94] Roy, A.B., Jakhar, S.R., 2002. Geology of Rajasthan (Northwest India) Precambrian to Recent. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, p. 421.

[95] Roy, A.B., Kröner, A., 1996. Single zircon evaporation ages constraining the growth of the Archaean Aravalli craton, northwestern Indian Shield. Geol. Mag. 133, 333-342.

[96] Sarkar, D.P., Ando, J.-I., Das, K., Chattopadhyay, A., Ghosh, G., Shimizu, K., Ohfuji, H., 2020. Serpentinite enigma of Rakhabdev lineament in western India: origin, deformation characterization and tectonic implications. J. Mineral. Petrol. Sci. 115, 216-226.

[97] Savko, K.A., Samsonov, A.V., Larionov, A.N., Larionov, Y.O., Bazikov, N.S., 2014. Paleoproterozoic A- and S- granites in the eastern Voronezh Crystalline Massif: geochronology, petrogenesis, and tectonic setting of origin. Petrology 22, 205-233.

[98] Sen, S., 1981. Proterozoic palaeotectonics in the evolution of crust and location of metalliferous deposits, Rajasthan. Quart. J. Geol. Min. Met. Soc. India 53, 162-185.

[99] Şengör, A.M.C., Natal’in, B.A., 1996. Turkic-type orogeny and its role in the making of the continental crust. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 24, 262-337.

[100] Shekhawat, L.S., Joshi, D.W., Pandit, M.K., 2001. A relook into the status of granitoids and conglomerate in Salumbar-Jaisamand area, southern Rajasthan: implications for the stratigraphy of the Palaeoproterozoic Aravalli fold belt. J. Geol. Soc. India 58, 53-63.

[101] Shi, Q., Xu, Z.-Y., Zhao, G.-C., Ding, D., Lui, G.-W., Zhao, Z.-H., Yu, J.-Y., Li, C., Bai, L.-Q., Wang, Y., Guo, B., Zhang, K., Liu, C.-F., 2022. Anatexis of late Neoarchean-early Paleoproterozoic and late Paleoproterozoic garnet-bearing leucogranite from the Khondalite Belt in the North China Craton. Int. Geol. Rev. 64, 2837-2865.

[102] Singh, S.P., 1988. Sedimentation patterns of the Proterozoic Delhi Supergroup, northeastern Rajasthan, India, and their tectonic implications. Sedi. Geol. 58, 79-94.

[103] Sinha-Roy, S., 1988. Proterozoic Wilson cycles in Rajasthan. In: Roy A.B. (Ed.), Precambrian of the Aravalli Mountain, Rajasthan, India. Mem. Geol. Soc. India 7, 95-107.

[104] Song, S.-W., Zhu, D.-C., Wang, Q., Cawood, P.A., Zhan, Q.-Y., Li, S.M., Zhang, L.-L., Zhao, Z.-D., 2022. Generation of syn-collisional S-type granites in collision zones: an example from the late Triassic Tanggula Batholith in northern Tibet. Gondwana Res. 104, 185-198.

[105] Stevens, G., Villaros, A., Moyen, J.F., 2007. Selective peritectic garnet entrainment as the origin of geochemical diversity in S-type granites. Geology 35, 9-12.

[106] Streckeisen, A., 1976. To each plutonic rock its proper name. Earth-Sci. Rev. 12, 1-33.

[107] Sylvester, P.J., 1998. Post-collisional strongly peraluminous granites. Lithos 45, 29-44.

[108] Tang, M., Wang, X.-L., Shu, X.-J., Wang, D., Yang, T., Gopon, P., 2014. Hafnium isotopic heterogeneity in zircons from granitic rocks: geochemical evaluation and modelling of ‘‘zircon effect” in crustal anatexis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 389, 188-199.

[109] Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S.M., 1985. The Continental Crust: its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, London, p. 312.

[110] Turkina, O.M., Nozhkin, A.D., Bayanova, T.B., 2006. Sources and formation conditions of early Proterozoic granitoids from the southwestern margin of the Siberian Craton. Petrology 14, 262-283.

[111] Upadhyaya, R., Sharma Jr., B.L., Sharma, B.L., Roy, A.B., 1992. Remnants of greenstone sequence from the Archaean rocks of Rajasthan. Curr. Sci. 63, 87-92.

[112] Villaseca, C., Barbero, L., Herreros, V., 1998. A re-examination of the typology of peraluminous granite types in intracontinental orogenic belts. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 89, 113-119.

[113] Wang, K., Dong, S., 2019. New insights into Paleoproterozoic tectonics of the Yangtze Block in the context of early Nuna assembly: possible collisional granitic magmatism in the Zongxiang complex, South China. Precambrian Res. 334, 105452.

[114] Wang, W., Cawood, P.A., Pandit, M.K., Zhou, M.-F., Chen, W.-T., 2017. Zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotope evidence for an Eoarchaean crustal remnant and episodic crustal reworking in response to supercontinent cycles in NW India. J. Geol. Soc. 174, 759-772.

[115] Wang, W., Cawood, P.A., Pandit, M.K., Zhou, M.-F., Zhao, J.-H., 2019. Evolving passive- and active-margin tectonics of the Paleoproterozoic Aravalli Basin, NW India. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 131, 426-443.

[116] Watson, E.B., Harrison, T.M., 1983. Zircon saturation revisited: temperature and composition effects in a variety of crustal magma types. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 64, 295-304.

[117] Wedepohl, K.H., 1995. The composition of the continental crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 1217-1232.

[118] Whalen, J.B., Currie, K.L., Chappell, B.W., 1987. A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination and petrogenesis. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 95, 407-419.

[119] White, A.J.R., Chappell, B.W., 1988. Some supracrustal (S-type) granites of the Lachlan Fold Belt. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 79, 169-181.

[120] Wiedenbeck, M., Goswami, J.N., 1994. High precision 207Pb/206Pb zircon geochronology using a small ion microprobe. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 2135-2141.

[121] Wiedenbeck, M., Goswami, J.N., Roy, A.B., 1996. Stabilization of the Aravalli Craton of northwestern India at 2.5 Ga: an ion-microprobe zircon study. Chem. Geol. 129, 325-340.

[122] Whitney, D.L., Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. Am. Mineral. 95, 185-187.

[123] Xia, Y., Xu, X.-S., Zhu, K.-Y., 2012. Paleoproterozoic S- and A-type granites in southwestern Zhejiang: magmatism, metamorphism and implications for the crustal evolution of the Cathaysia basement. Precambrian Res. 216-219, 177-207.

[124] Yang, X.-M., Drayson, D., Polat, A., 2019. S-type granites in the western Superior province: a marker of Archean collision zones. Can. J. Earth Sci. 56, 1409-1436.

[125] Yin, C., Zhao, G., Guo, J., Sun, M., Xia, X., Zhou, X., Liu, C., 2011. U-Pb and Hf isotopic study of zircons of the Helanshan complex: constrains on the evolution of the Khondalite Belt in the Western Block of the North China Craton. Lithos 122, 25-38.

[126] Zeh, A., Gerdes, A., 2012. U-Pb and Hf isotope record of detrital zircons from gold bearing sediments of the Pietersburg Greenstone Belt (South Africa) - is there a common provenance with the Witwatersrand Basin? Precambrian Res. 204-205, 46-56.

[127] Zhang, D.-H., Wei, J.-H., Fu, L.-B., Schmitt, A.K., Wang, D.-Z., Tan, J., Liu, J.-K., 2017. Petrogenesis and thermal overprint of S-type granites in Helanshan region, North China Craton: constraints on the 1.90 Ga khondalites decompression melting and 1.32 Ga tectono-thermal event. Precambrian Res. 303, 660-672.

[128] Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., Wu, Z., Huang, H., Li, K., Zhou, Q., 2019. Late Triassic granites from the northwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the Dahongliutan example: petrogenesis and tectonic implications for the evolution of the Kangxiwa Palaeotethys. Int. Geol. Rev. 61, 175-194.

[129] Zhao, G., Cawood, P.A., 2012. Precambrian geology of China. Precambrian Res. 222-223, 13-54.

[130] Zhao, G., Cawood, P.A., Wilde, S.A., Sun, M., 2002. Review of global 2.1-1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent. Earth-Sci. Rev. 59, 125-162.

[131] Zhao, G., Sun, M., Wilde, S.A., Li, S., 2004. A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup. Earth-Sci. Rev. 67, 91-123.

[132] Zhao, G., Li, S., Sun, M., Wilde, S.A., 2011. Assembly, accretion, and break-up of the Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic Columbia supercontinent: record in the North China Craton revisited. Int. Geol. Rev. 53, 1331-1356.

[133] Zhao, G., Sun, M., Wilde, S.A., Li, S., 2005. Late Archean to Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the North China Craton: key issues revisited. Precambrian Res. 136, 177-202.

[134] Zhu, D.-C., Wang, Q., Zhao, Z.-D., Chung, S.-L., Cawood, P.A., Niu, Y., Liu, S.-A., Wu, F.-Y., Mo, X.-X., 2015. Magmatic record of India-Asia collision. Sci. Rep. 5, 14289.

[135] Zhu, Z., Campbell, I.H., Allen, C.M., Burnham, A.D., 2020. S-type granites: their origin and distribution through time as determined from detrital zircons. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 536, 116140.