Extreme drought affects lake water quality, quantity, morphometry: Evidence from China’s largest fresh water lake under the 2022 global drought

Abstract

Extreme drought poses a significant threat to humanity. In the summer of 2022, the world experienced the worst drought in recent years, with a precipitation deficit and an abnormal high temperature, profoundly affecting human life and the aquatic environment. However, the drought influence on large freshwater lakes remains unclear. In this study, we selected China’s largest freshwater lake (Poyang Lake) as the research object and investigated the lake water area, quantity, lake morphology and water quality in 2018 (normal season) and 2022 (extreme drought period). Results showed that standardized precipitation index (SPI), standardized runoff index (SRI) and standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) reached moderate to severe drought in the summer of 2022. From 2018 to 2022, lake water area decreased (1789.62 km²), water quantity reduced (15.40 × 10⁹ m³) and lake shoreline decreased (2923.70 km). The shoreline development index, size ratio and energy factor decreased by 4.87, 198.53 m and 963.60, specifically. The dynamic ratio, relative depth and Schindler’s ratio increased by 1457.10, 0.04 and 13.48 m⁻¹, respectively. The water chemical indicators varied significantly in two years and the water hydrochemical types changed from SO₄·Cl − Ca·Mg type and HCO₃ − Ca·Mg type to SO₄·Cl − Ca·Mg type from 2018 to 2022. Water-rock interaction, alternating cation adsorption and anthropogenic influence on water quality represented different patterns in two periods. Our findings demonstrate significant differences in water resources and quality between common and extreme drought conditions in China’s largest fresh water lake, which can inform research on climate change effects on international large freshwater lakes.

Keywords

Extreme drought / China’s largest fresh water lake / Lake morphometry / Poyang Lake / Water quality / Water resources

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Xihua Wang: Writing - original draft, Validation, Supervision, Project administration, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Data curation. Zejun Liu: Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Soft-ware, Resources, Methodolog y, Investigation, Formal analysis, Con-ceptualization. Y. Jun Xu: Validation, Supervision, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. Boyang Mao: Software, Investigation. Shun-qing Jia: Visualization, Investigation.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-cial interests or personal relations hips that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (02002150257) and Overseas High-level Talents Program of Shanghai and Leading Talents (Overseas) Program of Shanghai.

Availability of data and materials

Water quality dataset is provided by National Ecosystem Science Data Center, National Science & Technology Infrastruc-ture of China (http://www.nesdc.org.cn). Soil moisture dataset is provided by National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (http://data.tpdc.ac.cn). The data that are generated in this study are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8215258.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2025.102146.

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