Mechanical softening of lunar olivine probed via nanoindentation and high-pressure X-ray diffraction measurements

Abstract

The mechanical properties of minerals in planetary materials are not only interesting from a fundamental point of view but also critical to the development of future space missions. Here we present nanoindentation experiments to evaluate the hardness and reduced elastic modulus of olivine, (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄, in meteorite NWA 12008, a lunar basalt. Our experiments suggest that the olivine grains in this lunaite are softer and more elastic than their terrestrial counterparts. Also, we have performed synchrotron-based high-pressure X-ray diffraction (HP-XRD) measurements to probe the compressibility properties of olivine in this meteorite and, for comparison purposes, of three ordinary chondrites. The HP-XRD results suggest that the axial compressibility of the orthorhombic b lattice parameter of olivine relative to terrestrial olivine is higher in NWA 12008 and also in the highly-shocked Chelyabinsk meteorite. The origin of the observed differences is discussed. A simple model combining the results of both our nanoindentation and HP-XRD measurements allows us to describe the contribution of macroscopic and chemical-bond related effects, both of which are necessary to reproduce the observed elastic modulus softening. Such joint analysis of the mechanical and elastic properties of meteorites and returned samples opens up a new avenue for characterizing these highly interesting materials.

Keywords

Planetary materials / Lunar rocks / Chondrites / Mechanical properties / Elasticity / Nanoindentation / Diamond anvil cell

CRediT authorship contribution statement

P. Grèbol-Tomàs: Writing - original draft, Software, Methodol-ogy, Investigation, Formal analysis, Conceptualization. J. Ibáñez-Insa: Writing - original draft, Supervision, Investigation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis. J.M. Trigo-Rodríguez: Writing - review & editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition. E. Peña-Asensio: Writing - review & editing, Conceptualization. R. Oliva: Validation. P. Botella: Validation. Josu Sánchez-Martin: Valida-tion. Robin Turnbull: Validation. D. Errandonea: Validation. A. Liang: Validation. C. Popescu: Resources. J. Sort: Writing - review & editing, Resources, Methodology, Conceptualization.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

Financial support from the project PID2021-128062NB-I00 funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Univer-sidades MCIU (doi:10.13039/501100 011033) is acknowledged, as well as the Spanish program Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2020-001058-M. The ALBA-CELLS synchrotron is acknowledged for granting beamtime at the MSPD beamline under projects 2021095390 and 2022025734. PG-T acknowledges the financial support from the Spanish MCIU through the FPI predoc-toral fellowship PRE2022-104624. JS acknowledges the financial support from projects 2021-SGR-00651 and PID2020-116844RB-C21. EP-A acknowledges financial support from the LUMIO project funded by the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (2024-6-HH.0). DE thanks the financial support from Spanish MCIU under projects PID2022-138076NB-C41 and RED2022-134388-T from Generalitat Valen-ciana (GVA) through grants CIPROM/2021/075 and MFA/2022/007, which are part of the Advanced Materials program and is supported with funding from the European Union Next Gen-eration EU (PRTR-C17.I1). RT and DE (PB and DE) thank GVA for the Postdoctoral Fellowship CIAPOS/2021/20 (CIAPOS/2023/406). JS-M thanks the Spanish MCIU for the PRE2020-092198 fellowship. NWA 12008 has been studied within the framework of an interna-tional European consortium led by IFP. Special acknowledge to I. Weber for providing the NWA 12008 meteorite thin section. This work is part of the doctoral thesis of PG-T (Doctoral Program in Physics at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona).

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